Biogranulation Technologies for Wastewater Treatment

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ISBN: 9780080450223 | 0080450229
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/24/2006

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Microbial self aggregation in granules is extensively studied and has found practical applications in both anaerobic and aerobic biological wastewater treatment. The mechanisms and conditions of granulation in wastewater treatment is the major topic of the book because process set up and stability depends on granulation rate.

Preface

Contributors

xxi

1. Mechanisms and Models for Anaerobic Granulation

(34)

Kuan-Yeow Show

Introduction

(1)

Physico-chemical Models

(8)

Inert Nuclei Model

(1)

Selection Pressure Model

(1)

Attrition Model

(1)

Multivalence Positive Ion-bonding Model

(1)

ECP Bonding Model

(1)

Synthetic and Natural Polymer-bonding Model

(1)

Secondary Minimum Adhesion Model

(1)

Local Dehydration and Hydrophobic Interaction Model

(1)

Surface Tension Model

(1)

Consideration on the Physico-chemical Models

(1)

Structural Models

(8)

Capetown Model

(1)

Spaghetti Model

(1)

Syntrophic Microcolony Model

(2)

Multilayer Model

(1)

Ecological Models

(2)

Consideration on the Structural Models

(2)

Proton Translocation–Dehydration Theory

(3)

Theory Development

(2)

Consideration on the Proton Translocation–Dehydration Theory

(1)

Cellular Automaton Model

(2)

Cell-to-Cell Communication Model

(1)

A General Model for Anaerobic Granulation

(3)

References

(8)

2. Factors Affecting Anaerobic Granulation

(22)

Kuan-Yeow Show

Introduction

(1)

Environmental Conditions

(3)

Temperature

(1)

System pH

(1)

Characteristics of the Feed

(1)

Process Conditions During Start-up and Operation

(8)

Upflow Velocity and Hydraulic Retention Time

(1)

Organic Loading Rate

(3)

Characteristics of Seed Sludge

(2)

Characteristics of Substrate

(2)

Chemical Conditions

(4)

Effect of Cations

(2)

Effect of Polymers

(2)

Summary of Recommendations for Developing Granular Sludge

(1)

Biological Aspects

(1)

Chemical Aspects

(1)

Physical Aspects

(1)

Wastewater Characteristics

(1)

References

(5)

3. Applications of Anaerobic Granulation

(28)

Kuan-Yeow Show

Introduction

(1)

Types of Anaerobic Treatment Plants Installed Worldwide

(1)

Scope of Applications

(2)

Applications of Anaerobic Granulation

(16)

Upfiow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor

(8)

Expanded Granular Sludge Bed Reactor

(4)

Hybrid Anaerobic Reactors

(1)

Anaerobic Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor

(1)

Anaerobic Baffled Reactor

(1)

Internal Circulation Reactor

(1)

Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor

(1)

Anaerobic Migrating Blanket Reactor

(1)

The Future of Anaerobic Granulation

(2)

References

(7)

4. Mechanisms of Aerobic Granulation

(14)

Yu Liu

Introduction

(3)

A Generic Four-step Immobilization Mechanism

(2)

Selection Pressure-driven Aerobic Granulation

(4)

Role of Extracellular Polymeric Substances in Aerobic Granulation

(3)

Summary

(1)

References

(4)

5. Factors Affecting Aerobic Granulation

(16)

Yu Liu

Introduction

(1)

Substrate Composition

(2)

Substrate Loading Rate

101

(1)

Hydrodynamic Shear Force

102

(2)

Feast–Famine Regime

104

(1)

Solids Retention Time

104

(1)

Dissolved Oxygen

105

(1)

Feeding Strategy

106

(1)

Cycle Time

106

(2)

Settling Ti me

108

(1)

Exchange Ratio

108

(1)

Presence of Calcium Ion in Feed

109

(1)

Seed Sludge

109

(1)

Reactor Configuration

110

(1)

Summary

111

(1)

References

112

(3)

6. Structure of Aerobically Grown Microbial Granules

115

(20)

Volodymyr Ivanov

Natural Microbial Granules

115

(1)

Aerobically Grown Microbial Granules

116

(1)

Structural Features of Aerobically Grown Microbial Granules

116

(1)

Shape and Size of the Granules

117

(2)

Surface of Granules

119

(1)

Radial Structures in Granule

120

(3)

Concentric Layers of Granule

123

(2)

Biomass and Polysaccharides in Granule

125

(1)

Channels and Pores

126

(1)

Adherence and Release of Cells and Particles

127

(1)

Anaerobic Processes in Aerobically Grown Granules

128

(1)

Optimization of Granule Size

129

(2)

Dynamics of Granule Formation and Destruction

131

(1)

References

132

(3)

7. Microorganisms of Aerobic Microbial Granules

135

(28)

Volodymyr Ivanov and Stephen Tiong-Lee Tay

Granules as Cellular Aggregates

135

(1)

Microbial Interactions in Aggregates

136

(2)

Study of Microbial Community Diversity

138

(1)

Microbial Diversity Studied by Cloning–Sequencing Method

138

(1)

Growth Stages of Aerobic Granules

139

(2)

Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis

141

(1)

Diversity Indices

142

(1)

Microbial Community Analysis

143

(2)

Aerobes and Facultative Anaerobes in Granules

145

(2)

Obligate Anaerobes in Granules

147

(4)

Microbial Diversity of Granules, Grown in Glucose-containing Model Wastewater, Studied by FISH with Group-specific Oligonucleotide Probes

151

(7)

Bacterial Populations in Acetate-fed Aerobic Granules

158

(1)

References

158

(5)

8. Nutrient Removal by Microbial Granules

163

(28)

Yu Liu

Introduction

163

(1)

Development of Nitrifying Granules

164

(12)

The Formation of Nitrifying Granules

164

(1)

Characteristics of Nitrifying Granules

164

(6)

Elemental Compositions of Nitrifying Granules

170

(1)

Microbial Diversity of Nitrifying Granules

171

(5)

Organics Removal and Nitrification

176

(1)

Nitrogen Removal under Alternating Aerobic–Anaerobic Conditions

177

(1)

Improved Stability of Aerobic Granules by Selecting Slow-growing Bacteria

178

(2)

Microbial Granules for Phosphorus Removal

180

(3)

Formation of PAGs

180

(1)

Characteristics of PAGs

181

(2)

Summary

183

(1)

References

184

(7)

9. Removal of Phenol from Wastewater by Microbial Granules

191

(22)

Stephen Tiong-Lee Tay

Sources and Applications of Phenol

191

(1)

Contamination of Environment with Phenol

192

(1)

Microbial Resistance to Phenol Toxicity

193

(1)

Aerobic Biodegradation of Phenol

193

(1)

Anaerobic Biodegradation of Phenol

194

(1)

Conventional Biological Treatment of Phenol-containing Wastewater

195

(1)

Use of Immobilized Cells for Phenol Biodegradation

196

(1)

Cultivation of Aerobic Granules for Phenol Removal from Wastewater

197

(3)

Microbial Response of Aerobic Granules to High Phenol Loading

200

(2)

Bacterial Diversity and Functions in Aerobic Phenol-degrading Granules

202

(3)

Enhanced Phenol Removal by Aerobic Granules

205

(3)

References

208

(5)

10. Seeds for Aerobic Microbial Granules

213

(32)

Volodymyr Ivanov and Stephen Tiong-Lee Tay

Advantages of Microbial Granulation

213

(1)

Disadvantages of Microbial Granulation

214

(1)

Principles of Facilitated Granule Formation

214

(1)

Cell Aggregation by Application of Reagents and Adsorbents

215

(1)

Granules as Seeds for Granulation

216

(1)

Life Cycle of the Granule and Determination of Retention Time for the Granules in SBR

216

(2)

Selection of Microbial Seeds from Granules

218

(1)

Use of Enrichment Culture for Facilitated Granule Formation

219

(2)

Selection of Pure Cultures for Facilitated Granule Formation

221

(1)

Isolation of Pure Cultures with High Self-aggregation Ability

222

(1)

Formation of Granules

223

(4)

Microscopy and Microbiology of the Granules

227

(1)

Phylogenetic Identification and Evaluation of Biosafety of Selected Strains

227

(3)

Diversity of Granule versus Fast Granulation

230

(1)

Selection of Granules with Nitrifying Activity

231

(2)

Formation of Phenol-degrading Granules from Acetate-fed Granules

233

(5)

Seeds for Phenol-degrading Granules

238

(2)

References

240

(5)

11. Biosorption Properties of Aerobic Granules

245

(24)

Yu Liu

Introduction

245

(1)

Development of a Kinetic Model for Metal Biosorption

246

(3)

Biosorption Kinetics of Various Metals by Aerobic Granules

249

(4)

Biosorption of CD²+ by Aerobic Granules

249

(1)

Biosorption of Cu²+ by Aerobic Granules

250

(2)

Biosorption of Zn²+ by Aerobic Granules

252

(1)

Effect of Initial Metal Concentration on Biosorption Kinetics

253

(2)

Effect of Initial Metal Concentration on Specific Biosorption Capacity

253

(2)

Effect of Initial Metal Concentration on OverallBiosorption Rate Constant

255

(1)

Effect of Initial Aerobic Granules Concentration on Biosorption Kinetics

255

(5)

Effect of Initial Aerobic Granules Concentration on Specific Biosorption Capacity

255

(4)

Effect of Initial Aerobic Granules Concentration on Overall Biosorption Rate Constant

259

(1)

Comparison of Biosorption Behaviors of Various Metals by Aerobic Granules

260

(5)

Summary

265

(1)

References

265

(4)

12. Conclusions: Current State and Directions of Research

269

(6)

The Development of Anaerobic Granulation

269

(1)

Mechanisms of Aerobic Granulation

270

(1)

Physiological Diversity in Aerobic Microbial Granules

270

(1)

Distribution of Exotrophic and Endotrophic Microbial Cells in Granule

271

(1)

Microbial Diversity of Aerobic Granules

272

(1)

Stability of Microbial Granules

272

(1)

Formation of Aerobic Microbial Granules in Continuous Systems

273

(1)

Microbial Seeds

273

(1)

Practical Application of Aerobic Microbial Granules

274

(1)

Index

275

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Biogranulation Technologies for Wastewater Treatment

Summary

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