Bioinorganic Chemistry - Inorganic Elements in the Chemistry of Life : An Introduction and Guide

, by Kaim, Wolfgang; Schwederski, Brigitte

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ISBN: 9780471943693 | 047194369X
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 12/5/1994

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This book provides a clear and concise introduction to the rapidly growing field of bioinorganic chemistry. The first part of the book deals with the function and occurrence of inorganic elements in living organisms, while later chapters address the applications of these biominerals, inorganic electrolytes and inorganic compounds in fields such as chemotherapy and radiodiagnostics.

Preface

Historical Background, Current Relevance and Perspectives

(5)

References

(1)

Some General Principles

(33)

Occurrence and Availability of Inorganic Elements in Organisms

(9)

Biological Functions of Inorganic Elements

(1)

Biological Ligands for Metal Ions

(19)

Coordination by Proteins---Comments on Enzymatic Catalysis

(6)

Tetrapyrrole Ligands and Other Macrocycles

(10)

Nucleobases, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids (RNA, DNA) as Ligands

(2)

Relevance of Model Compounds

(4)

References

(3)

Cobalamins Including Vitamin and Coenzyme B12

(17)

History and Structural Characterization

(2)

Reactions of the Alkylcobalamins

(12)

One-Electron Reduction and Oxidation

(1)

Co---C Bond Cleavage

(4)

Mutase Activity of Coenzyme B12

(6)

Alkylation Reaction of Methylcobalamin

(1)

Model Systems and the role of the Apoenzyme

(3)

References

(2)

Metals at the Center of Photosynthesis: Magnesium and Manganese

(26)

Volume and Total Efficiency of Photosynthesis

(1)

Primary Processes in Photosynthesis

(11)

Light Absorption (Energy Acquisition)

(1)

Exciton Transport (Direct Energy Transfer)

(4)

Charge Separation and Electron Transport

(5)

Manganese-Catalyzed Oxidation of water to O2

(14)

References

(3)

The Dioxygen Molecule, O2: Uptake, Transport, and Storage of an Inorganic Natural Product

(25)

Molecular and Chemical Properties of Dioxygen, O2

(6)

Oxygen Transport and Storage through Hemoglobin and Myoglobin

(12)

Alternative Oxygen Transport in Some Lower Animals: Hemerythrin and Hemocyanin

100

(7)

Magnetism

100

(1)

Light Absorption

101

(1)

Vibrational Spectroscopy

101

(1)

Mossbauer Spectroscopy

102

(1)

Structure

103

(2)

References

105

(2)

Catalysis Through Hemoproteins: Electron Transfer, Oxygen Activation and Metabolism of Inorganic Intermediates

107

(21)

Cytochromes

109

(3)

Cytochrome P-450: Oxygen Transfer from O2 to Nonactivated Substrates

112

(7)

Peroxidases: Detoxification and Utilization of Doubly Reduced Dioxygen

119

(1)

Controlling the Reaction Mechanism of the Oxyheme Group---Generation and Function of Organic Free Radicals

120

(2)

Hemoproteins in the Catalytic Transformation of Partially Reduced Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds

122

(6)

References

125

(3)

Iron--Sulfur and Other Nonheme Iron Proteins

128

(22)

Biological Relevance of the Element Combination Iron/Sulfur

128

(5)

Rubredoxins

133

(1)

[2Fe--2S] Centers

133

(1)

Polynuclear Fe/S Clusters: Relevance of the Protein Environment and Catalytic Activity

134

(5)

Model System for Iron-Sulfur Proteins

139

(2)

Iron-Containing Enzymes without Porphyrin or Sulfide Ligands

141

(9)

Iron-Containing Ribonucleotide Reductase (RR)

141

(2)

Soluble Methane Monooxygenase (MMO)

143

(1)

Purple Acid Phosphatases (Fe/Fe and Fe/Zn)

144

(1)

Mononuclear Nonheme Iron Enzymes

144

(2)

References

146

(4)

Uptake, Transport and Storage of an Essential Element as Exemplified by Iron

150

(22)

The Protein of Iron Mobilization---Oxidation States, Solubility and Medical Relevance

150

(2)

Siderophores: Iron Uptake by Microorganisms

152

(8)

Phytosiderophores: Iron Uptake by Plants

160

(1)

Transport and Storage of Iron

161

(11)

Transferrin

162

(3)

Ferritin

165

(4)

Hemosiderin

169

(1)

References

170

(2)

Nickel-Containing Enzymes: The Remarkable Career of a Long Overlooked Biometal

172

(15)

Overview

172

(1)

Urease

173

(1)

Hydrogenases

174

(2)

CO Dehydrogenase = CO Oxidoreductase = Acetyl-CoA Synthase

176

(4)

Methyl--Coenzyme M Reductase

180

(3)

Model Compounds

183

(4)

References

184

(3)

Copper-Containing Proteins: An Alternative to Biological Iron

187

(28)

Type 1: `Blue' Copper Centers

192

(5)

Type 2 and Type 3 Copper Centers in O2-Activating Proteins Oxygen Transport and Oxygenation

197

(5)

Copper Proteins as Oxidases/Reductases

202

(4)

Cytochrome c Oxidase

206

(3)

Cu,Zn and Other Superoxide Dismutases: Substrate-Specific Antioxidants

209

(6)

References

212

(3)

Biological Functions of the `Early' Transition Metals: Molybdenum, Tungsten, Vanadium and Chromium

215

(27)

Oxygen Transfer through Tungsten-and Molybdenum-Containing Enzymes

215

(9)

Overview

215

(2)

Enzymes Containing the Molybdopterin Cofactor

217

(7)

Metalloenzymes in the Biological Nitrogen Cycle: Molybdenum-Dependent Nitrogen Fixation

224

(8)

Alternative Nitrogenases

232

(3)

Biological Vanadium Outside Nitrogenases

235

(3)

Chromium(III) in the Metabolism?

238

(4)

References

238

(4)

Zinc: Structural and Gene-Regulatory Functions and the Enzymatic Catalysis of Hydrolysis or Condensation Reactions

242

(25)

Overview

243

(3)

Carboanhydrase (CA)

246

(5)

Carboxypeptidase A (CPA) and other Hydrolases

251

(5)

Catalysis of Condensation Reactions by Zinc-Containing Enzymes

256

(1)

Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) and Related Enzymes

257

(3)

The `Zinc Finger' and Other Gene Regulation Zinc Proteins

260

(2)

Insulin, hGH, Metallothionein and DNA Repair Systems as Zinc-Containing Proteins

262

(5)

References

264

(3)

Unequally Distributed Electrolytes: Function and Transport of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Cations

267

(19)

Characterization of K+, Na+, and Mg2+

267

(6)

Complexes of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Ions with Macrocycles

273

(4)

Ion Channels

277

(4)

Ion Pumps

281

(5)

References

284

(2)

Catalysis and Regulation of Bioenergetic Processes by the Alkaline Earth Metal Ions Mg2+ and Ca2+

286

(17)

Magnesium: Catalysis of Phosphate Transfer by Divalent Ions

286

(7)

The Ubiquitous Regulatory Role of Ca2+

293

(10)

References

300

(3)

Biomineralization: The Controlled Assembly of `Advanced Materials' in Biology

303

(15)

Overview

303

(5)

Nucleation and Crystal Growth

308

(1)

Examples of Biominerals

309

(9)

Calcium Phosphate in the Bones of Vertebrates

309

(3)

Calcium Carbonate

312

(1)

Amorphous Silica

313

(1)

Iron Biominerals

314

(1)

Strontium and Barium Sulfates

315

(1)

References

316

(2)

Biological Functions of the Nonmetallic Inorganic Elements

318

(12)

Overview

318

(1)

Boron

318

(1)

Silicon

318

(1)

Arsenic and PH3

319

(1)

Bromine

320

(1)

Fluorine

320

(1)

Iodine

321

(2)

Selenium

323

(7)

References

328

(2)

The Bioinorganic Chemistry of the Quintessentially Toxic Metals

330

(21)

Overview

330

(2)

Lead

332

(3)

Cadmium

335

(3)

Thallium

338

(1)

Mercury

338

(5)

Aluminum

343

(3)

Beryllium

346

(1)

Chromium as Chromate(VI)

346

(5)

References

348

(3)

Biochemical Behavior of Inorganic Radionuclides: Radiation Risks and Medical Benefits

351

(12)

Overview

351

(1)

Natural and Man-Made Radioisotopes Outside Medical Applications

352

(4)

Bioinorganic Chemistry of Radiopharmaceuticals

356

(7)

Overview

356

(2)

Technetium---a `Man-Made Bioinorganic Element'

358

(4)

References

362

(1)

Chemotherapy with Compounds of Some Nonessential Elements

363

(16)

Overview

363

(1)

Platinum Complexes in Cancer Therapy

363

(9)

Discovery, Application and Structure--Effect Relationships

363

(4)

Cisplatin: Mode of Action

367

(5)

Cytotoxic Compounds of Other Metals

372

(1)

Gold-Containing Drug Used in the Therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis

373

(3)

Historical Development

373

(1)

Gold Compounds as Anti-Rheumatic Agents

374

(1)

Hypotheses on the Mode of Action of Gold-Containing Anti-Rheumatic Drugs

375

(1)

Lithium in Psychopharmacological Drugs

376

(3)

References

376

(3)

Bibliography

379

(2)

Glossary

381

(4)

List of Inserts

385

(2)

Index

387

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Bioinorganic Chemistry - Inorganic Elements in the Chemistry of Life : An Introduction and Guide

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials