Biological And Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials

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ISBN: 9783527313822 | 3527313826
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 2/10/2006

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This first comprehensive yet concise overview of all important classes of biological and pharmaceutical nanomaterials presents in one volume the different kinds of natural biological compounds that form nanomaterials or that may be used to purposefully create them. This unique single source of information brings together the many articles published in specialized journals, which often remain unseen by members of other, related disciplines. Covering pharmaceutical, nucleic acid, peptide and DNA-Chitosan nanoparticles, the book focuses on those innovative materials and technologies needed for the continued growth of medicine, healthcare, pharmaceuticals and human wellness. For chemists, biochemists, cell biologists, materials scientists, biologists, and those working in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries.

Preface

XIV

List of Contributors

XVII

I DNA-based Nanomaterials

(114)

1 Self-assembled DNA Nanotubes

(20)

Thorn LaBean and Sung Ha Park

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2 DNA Nanotubes Self-assembled from DX Tiles

(1)

1.3 3DAE-E DX Tile Nanotubes

(4)

1.4 DAE-O DX Tile Nanotubes

(2)

1.5 TX Tile Nanotubes

(3)

1.6 4 x 4 Tile Nanotubes

(2)

1.7 6HB Tile Nanotubes

(2)

1.8 Applications

(1)

1.9 Summary and Perspectives

(1)

References

(3)

2 Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles

(28)

Guy Zuber, Bénédicte Pons and Andrew W. Fraley

2.1 Introduction

(2)

2.2 The Chemical and Physical Properties of Therapeutic DNA

(2)

2.3 Preparation of Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Characterization

(10)

2.3.1 Rationale

(4)

2.3.2 Synthesis, Characterization and Optimization of Surfactants

(4)

2.3.3 Organization of the Surfactant–DNA Complexes

(1)

2.3.4 Quantification of the Stability of Surfactant–DNA Complexes

(2)

2.4 DNA Functionalization for Cell Recognition and Internalization

(6)

2.4.1 Strategies for Functionalization

(1)

2.4.2 Intercalation

(1)

2.4.3 Triple Helix Formation with Oligodeoxyribonucleotides

(2)

2.4.4 Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNAs)

(1)

2.4.5 Interactions of DNA with Fusion Proteins

(1)

2.4.6 Agents that Bind to the Minor Groove

(1)

2.5 DNA Nanoparticles: Sophistication for Cell Recognition and Internalization

(3)

2.5.1 Preparation of DNA Nanoparticles Enveloped with a Protective Coat and Cell Internalization Elements

(3)

2.5.2 Biomedical Application: Cell Targeting and Internalization Properties of Folate–PEG-coated Nanoparticles

(1)

2.6 Concluding Remarks

(1)

References

(4)

3 Lipoplexes

(17)

Sarah Weisman

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 DNA Lipoplexes

(9)

3.2.1 Composition

(1)

3.2.2 Nanostructure and Microstructure

(1)

3.2.2.1 Equilibrium Morphology

(1)

3.2.2.2 Nonequilibrium Morphology

(1)

3.2.2.3 Lipoplex Size

(1)

3.2.3 Lipofection Efficiency

(1)

3.2.3.1 In Vitro

(1)

3.2.3.2 In Vivo

(1)

3.3 ODN Lipoplexes

(2)

3.4 siRNA Lipoplexes

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(6)

4 DNA–Chitosan Nanoparticles for Gene Therapy: Current Knowledge and Future Trends

(47)

Julio C. Fernandes, Marcio José Tiera and Françoise M. Winnik

4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.2 Chitosan as a Carrier for Gene Therapy

(10)

4.2.1 Chitosan Chemistry

(2)

4.2.2 General Strategies for Chitosan Modification

(1)

4.2.3 Chitosan–DNA interactions: Transfection Efficacy of Unmodified Chitosan

(8)

4.3 Modified Chitosans: Strategies to Improve the Transfection Efficacy

(5)

4.3.1 The Effects of Charge Density/Solubility and Degree of Acetylation

(1)

4.3.2 Improving the Physicochemical Characteristics of the Nanoparticulate Systems: Solubility, Aggregation and RES Uptake

(1)

4.3.3 Targeting Mediated by Cell Surface Receptors

(2)

4.3.4 Hydrophobic Modification: Protecting the DNA and Improving the Internalization Process

(1)

4.4 Methods of Preparation of Chitosan Nanoparticles

(7)

4.4.1 Complex Coacervation

(2)

4.4.2 Crosslinking Methods

(1)

4.4.2.1 Chemical Crosslinking

(1)

4.4.2.2 Ionic Crosslinking or Ionic Gelation

(1)

4.4.2.3 Emulsion Crosslinking

(1)

4.4.2.4 Spray Drying

(1)

4.4.2.5 Other Methods

(2)

4.5 DNA Loading into Nano- and Microparticles of Chitosan

(2)

4.6 DNA Release and Release Kinetics

(2)

4.7 Preclinical Evidence of Chitosan–DNA Complex Efficacy

(2)

4.8 Potential Clinical Applications of Chitosan–DNA in Gene Therapy

(2)

4.9 Conclusion

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(16)

II Protein & Peptide-based Nanomaterials

115

(138)

5 Plant Protein-based Nanoparticles

117

(68)

Arnie-Marie Orecchioni, Cécile Duclairoir, Juan Manuel Irache and Evelyne Nakache

5.1 Introduction

117

(1)

5.2 Description of Plant Proteins

118

(2)

5.2.1 Pea Seed Proteins

119

(1)

5.2.2 Wheat Proteins

119

(1)

5.3 Preparation of Protein Nanoparticles

120

(4)

5.3.1 Preparation of Legumin and Vicilin Nanoparticles

121

(1)

5.3.2 Preparation of Gliadin Nanoparticles

122

(2)

5.4 Drug Encapsulation in Plant Protein Nanoparticles

124

(3)

5.4.1 RA Encapsulation in Gliadin Nanoparticles

124

(1)

5.4.2 VE Encapsulation in Gliadin Nanoparticles

125

(1)

5.4.3 Lipophilic, Hydrophilic or Amphiphilic Drug Encapsulation

126

(1)

5.5 Preparation of Ligand–Gliadin Nanoparticle Conjugates

127

(2)

5.6 Bioadhesive Properties of Gliadin Nanoparticles

129

(6)

5.6.1 Ex Vivo Studies with Gastrointestinal Mucosal Segments

130

(1)

5.6.2 In Vivo Studies with Laboratory Animals

131

(4)

5.7 Future Perspectives

135

(2)

5.7.1 Size Optimization

135

(1)

5.7.2 Immunization in Animals

136

(1)

5.8 Conclusion

137

(1)

References

137

(8)

6 Peptide Nanoparticles

145

(1)

Klaus Langer

6.1 Introduction

145

(1)

6.2 Starting Materials for the Preparation of Nanoparticles

146

(2)

6.3 Preparation Methods

148

(11)

6.3.1 Nanoparticle Preparation by Emulsion Techniques

148

(1)

6.3.1.1 Emulsion Technique for the Preparation of Albumin-based Microspheres and Nanoparticles

148

(1)

6.3.1.2 Emulsion Technique for the Preparation of Gelatin-based Microspheres and Nanoparticles

151

(1)

6.3.1.3 Emulsion Technique for the Preparation of Casein-based Microspheres and Nanoparticles

153

(1)

6.3.2 Nanoparticle Preparation by Coacervation

154

(1)

6.3.2.1 Complex Coacervation Techniques for the Preparation of Nanoparticles

154

(1)

6.3.2.2 Simple Coacervation (Desolvation) Techniques for the Preparation of Nanoparticles

155

(4)

6.4 Basic Characterization Techniques for Peptide Nanoparticles

159

(2)

6.5 Drug Targeting with Nanoparticles

161

(8)

6.5.1 Passive Drug Targeting with Particle Systems

163

(1)

6.5.2 Active Drug Targeting with Particle Systems

163

(1)

6.5.3 Surface Modifications of Protein-based Nanoparticles

164

(1)

6.5.4 Surface Modification by Different Hydrophilic Compounds

164

(1)

6.5.5 Surface Modification by Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Derivatives

165

(1)

6.5.6 Surface Modification by Drug-targeting Ligands

166

(2)

6.5.7 Different Surface Modification Strategies

168

(1)

6.6 Applications as Drug Carriers and for Diagnostic Purposes

169

(6)

6.6.1 Protein-based Nanoparticles in Gene Therapy

170

(2)

6.6.2 Parenteral Application Route

172

(1)

6.6.2.1 Preclinical Studies with Protein-based Particles

172

(1)

6.6.2.2 Clinical Studies with Protein-based Particles

172

(2)

6.6.3 Topical Application of Protein-based Particles

174

(1)

6.6.4 Peroral Application of Protein-based Particles

175

(1)

6.7 Immunological Reactions with Protein-based Microspheres

175

(1)

6.8 Concluding Remarks

176

(1)

References

176

(9)

7 Albumin Nanoparticles

185

(34)

Juan Manuel Irache and Socorro Espuelas

7.1 Introduction

185

(1)

7.2 Serum Albumin

186

(1)

7.3 Preparation of Albumin Nanoparticles

187

(9)

7.3.1 "Conventional" Albumin Nanoparticles

188

(1)

7.3.1.1 Preparation of Albumin Nanoparticles by Desolvation or Coacervation

189

(1)

7.3.1.2 Preparation of Albumin Nanoparticles by Emulsification

192

(1)

7.3.1.3 Other Techniques to Prepare Albumin Nanoparticles

193

(1)

7.3.2 Surface-modified Albumin Nanoparticles

193

(1)

7.3.3 Drug Encapsulation in Albumin Nanoparticles

194

(2)

7.4 Biodistribution of Albumin Nanoparticles

196

(2)

7.5 Pharmaceutical Applications

198

(9)

7.5.1 Albumin Nanoparticles for Diagnostic Purposes

198

(1)

7.5.1.1 Radiopharmaceuticals

198

(1)

7.5.1.2 Echo-contrast Agents

199

(1)

7.5.2 Albumin Nanoparticles as Carriers for Oligonucleotides and DNA

199

(2)

7.5.3 Albumin Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Cancer

201

(1)

7.5.3.1 Fluorouracil and Methotrexate Delivery

201

(1)

7.5.3.2 Paclitaxel Delivery

202

(1)

7.5.3.3 Albumin Nanoparticles in Suicide Gene Therapy

203

(1)

7.5.4 Magnetic Albumin Nanoparticles

204

(1)

7.5.5 Albumin Nanoparticles for Ocular Drug Delivery

205

(1)

7.5.5.1 Topical Drug Delivery

205

(1)

7.5.5.2 Intravitreal Drug Delivery

205

(2)

7.6 Concluding Remarks

207

(1)

References

208

(11)

8 Nanoscale Patterning of S-Layer Proteins as a Natural Self-assembly System

219

(34)

Margit Sára, D. Pure, C. Huber, N. Ilk, M. Pleschberger and U.B. Sleytr

8.1 Introduction

219

(1)

8.2 General Properties of S-Layers

220

(4)

8.2.1 Structure, Isolation, Self-Assembly and Recrystallization

220

(1)

8.2.2 Chemistry and Molecular Biology

221

(2)

8.2.3 S-Layers as Carbohydrate-binding Proteins

223

(1)

8.3 Nanoscale Patterning of S-Layer Proteins

224

(17)

8.3.1 Properties of S-Layer Proteins Relevant for Nanoscale Patterning

224

(1)

8.3.2 Immobilization of Functionalities by Chemical Methods

225

(1)

8.3.3 Patterning by Genetic Approaches

226

(1)

8.3.3.1 The S-Layer Proteins SbsA, SbsB and SbsC

226

(1)

8.3.3.2 S-Layer Fusion Proteins

228

(13)

8.4 Spatial Control over S-Layer Reassembly

241

(1)

8.5 S-Layers as Templates for the Formation of Regularly Arranged Nanoparticles

242

(2)

8.5.1 Binding of Molecules and Nanoparticles to Functional Domains

242

(2)

8.5.2 In Situ Synthesis of Nanoparticles on S-Layers

244

(1)

8.6 Conclusions and Outlook

244

(1)

Acknowledgments

245

(1)

References

245

(8)

III Pharmaceutically Important Nanomaterials

253

(141)

9 Methods of Preparation of Drug Nanoparticles

255

(32)

Jonghwi Lee, Gio-Bin Lim and Hesson Chung

9.1 Introduction

255

(2)

9.2 Structures of Drug Nanoparticles

257

(1)

9.3 Thermodynamic Approaches

257

(7)

9.3.1 Lipid-based Pharmaceutical Nanoparticles

258

(1)

9.3.2 What is a Lipid?

259

(1)

9.3.3 Liquid Crystalline Phases of Hydrated Lipids with Planar and Curved Interfaces

260

(1)

9.3.4 Oil-in-water-type Lipid Emulsion

261

(1)

9.3.5 Liposomes

261

(1)

9.3.6 Cubosomes and Hexosomes

262

(1)

9.3.7 Other Lipid-based Pharmaceutical Nanoparticles

263

(1)

9.4 Mechanical Approaches

264

(6)

9.4.1 Types of Processing

264

(2)

9.4.2 Characteristics of Wet Comminution

266

(1)

9.4.3 Drying of Liquid Nanodispersions

267

(3)

9.5 SCF Approaches

270

(5)

9.5.1 SCF Characteristics

270

(1)

9.5.2 Classification of SCF Particle Formation Processes

271

(1)

9.5.3 RES S

272

(1)

9.5.4 SAS

273

(1)

9.5.5 SEDS

274

(1)

9.6 Electrostatic Approaches

275

(5)

9.6.1 Electrical Potential and Interfaces

275

(2)

9.6.2 Electrospraying

277

(3)

References

280

(7)

10 Production of Biofunctionalized Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Site-specific Drug Delivery

287

(1)

Rainer H. Willer, Eliana B. Souto, Torsten Göppert and Sven Gohla

10.1 Introduction

287

(2)

10.2 Concept of Differential Adsorption

289

(3)

10.3 Production of SLN

292

(2)

10.4 Functionalization by Surface Modification

294

(4)

10.5 Conclusions

298

(1)

References

299

(5)

11 Biocompatible Nanoparticulate Systems for Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy

304

(1)

Mostafa Sadoqi, Sunil Kumar, Cesar Lau-Cam and Vishal Saxena

11.1 Introduction

304

(1)

11.2 Nanoscale Particulate Systems and their Building Blocks/Components

305

(7)

11.2.1 Dendrimers

305

(2)

11 2.2 Buckyballs and Buckytubes

307

(2)

11.2.3 Quantum Dots

309

(1)

11.2.4 Polymeric Micelles

310

(1)

11.2.5 Liposomes

310

(2)

11.3 Biodegradable Nanoparticles

312

(2)

11.3.1 Preparation of Nanoparticles

313

(1)

11.4 Biodegradable Optical Nanoparticles

314

(3)

11.4.1 Optical Nanoparticles as a Potential Technology for Tumor Diagnosis

314

(1)

11.4.2 Optical Nanoparticles as a Potential Technology for Tumor Treatment

315

(2)

11.5 Optical Imaging and PDT

317

(10)

11.5.1 Optical Imaging

317

(1)

11.5.1.1 Fluorescence-based Optical Imaging

317

(1)

11.5.1.2 NIR Fluorescence Imaging

317

(1)

11.5.1.3 NIR Dyes for Fluorescence Imaging

318

(1)

11.5.2 PDT

318

(1)

11.5.2.1 Basis of PDT

319

(1)

11.5.2.2 Photosensitizers for PDT

320

(1)

11.5.3 ICG: An Ideal Photoactive Agent for Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment

320

(1)

11.5.3.1 Clinical Uses of ICG

320

(1)

11.5.3.2 Structure and Physicochemical Properties of ICG

321

(1)

11.5.3.3 Binding Properties of ICG

321

(1)

11.5.3.4 Metabolism, Excretion and Pharmacokinetics of ICG

322

(1)

11.5.3.5 Toxicity of ICG

322

(1)

11.5.3.6 Tumor Imaging with, ICG

322

(1)

11.5.3.7 PDT with ICG

323

(1)

11.5.3.8 Limitations of ICG for Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment

324

(1)

11.5.3.9 Recent Approaches for Improving the Blood Circulation Time and Uptake of ICG by Tumors

325

(1)

11.5.3.10 Recent Approaches for ICG Stabilization In Vitro

326

(1)

11.6 PLGA-based Nanoparticulate Delivery System for ICG

327

(9)

11.6.1 Rationale of Using a PLGA-based Nanoparticulate Delivery System for ICG

327

(4)

11.6.2 In Vino Pharmacokinetics of ICG Solutions and Nanoparticles

331

(5)

11.7 Conclusions and Future Work

336

(2)

References

338

(11)

12 Nanoparticles for Crossing Biological Membranes

349

(1)

R. Pawor, A. Avramoff and A.J. Domb

12.1 Introduction

349

(1)

12.2 Cell Membranes

350

(4)

12.2.1 Functions of Biological Membranes

351

(1)

12.2.2 Kinetic and Thermodynamic Aspects of Biological Membranes

352

(2)

12.3 Problems of Drugs Crossing through Biological Membranes

354

(8)

12.3.1 Through the Skin

354

(1)

12.3.1.1 Mechanical Irritation of Skin

355

(1)

12.3.1.2 Low-voltage Electroporation of the Skin

355

(2)

12.3.2 Through the BBB

357

(1)

12.3.2.1 Small Drugs

359

(1)

12.3.2.1.1 Limitations of Small Drugs

359

(1)

12.3.2.2 Peptide Drug Delivery via SynB Vectors

360

(1)

12.3.3 GI Barrier

360

(1)

12.3.3.1 Intestinal Translocation and Disease

361

(1)

12.4 Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery

362

(9)

12.4.1 Skin

363

(1)

12.4.1.1 Skin as Semipermeable Nanoporous Barrier

363

(1)

12.4.1.2 Hydrophilic Pathway through the Skin Barrier

363

(1)

12.4.2 Solid-Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) Skin Delivery

364

(1)

12.4.2.1 Chemical Stability of SLN

364

(1)

12.4.2.2 In Vitro Occlusion of SLN

365

(1)

12.4.2.3 In Vivo SLN: Occlusion, Elasticity and Wrinkles

365

(1)

12.4.2.4 Active Compound Penetration into the Skin

365

(1)

12.4.2.5 Controlled Release of Cosmetic Compounds

365

(1)

12.4.2.6 Novel UV Sunscreen System Using SLN

366

(1)

12.4.3 Polymer-based Nanoparticulate Delivery to the Skin

366

(1)

12.4.4 Subcutaneous Nanoparticulate Antiepileptic Drug Delivery

366

(1)

12.4.5 Nanoparticulate Anticancer Drug Delivery

367

(1)

12.4.5.1 Paclitaxel

368

(1)

12.4.5.2 Doxorubicin

368

(1)

12.4.5.3 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)

369

(1)

12.4.5.4 Antineoplastic Agents

369

(1)

12.4.5.5 Gene Delivery

369

(1)

12.4.5.6 Breast Cancer

370

(1)

12.4.6 Nanofibers Composed of Nonbiodegradable Polymer

370

(1)

12.4.6.1 Electrostatic Spinning

371

(1)

12.4.6.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy

371

(1)

12.4.6.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

371

(1)

12.5 Nanoparticulate Delivery to the BBB

371

(7)

12.5.1 Peptide Delivery to the BBB

372

(1)

12.5.1.1 Peptide Conjugation through a Disulfide Bond

373

(1)

12.5.2 Biodegradable Polymer Based Nanoparticulate Delivery to BBB

373

(1)

12.5.3 Nanoparticulate Gene Delivery to the BBB

374

(1)

12.5.4 Mechanism of Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery to the BBB

375

(1)

12.5.5 Nanoparticulate Thiamine-coated Delivery to the BBB

376

(1)

12.5.6 Nanoparticle Optics and Living Cell Imaging

376

(2)

12.6 Oral Nanoparticulate Delivery

378

(16)

12.6.1. Lectin-conjugated Nanoparticulate Oral Delivery

379

(1)

12.6.2 Oral Peptide Nanoparticulate-based Delivery

380

(1)

12.6.3 Polymer-Based Oral Peptide Nanoparticulate Delivery

381

(1)

12.6.3.1 Polyacrylamide Nanospheres

381

(1)

12.6.3.2 Poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) PACA Nanocapsules

381

(1)

12.6.3.3 Derivatized Amino Acid Microspheres

382

(1)

12.6.4 Lymphatic Oral Nanoparticulate Delivery

382

(1)

12.6.5 Oral Nanosuspension Delivery

383

(1)

12.6.6 Mucoadhesion of Nanoparticles after Oral Administration

384

(1)

12.6.7 Protein Nanoparticulate Oral Delivery

384

(1)

References

385

(9)

Index

394

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Biological And Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials