Biological Weapons Recognizing, Understanding, and Responding to the Threat

Gives readers a detailed understanding of how specific biological weapons work and how those affected by the weapons would be treated

• Teaches the reader to recognize the symptoms of each biological weapon and understand the threat these weapons pose
• Concentrates on the weapons considered the greatest threats by the CDC such as Anthrax, Botulism, Smallpox, Ricin toxin, Ebola, Plague, and Viral encephalitis
• Provides a detailed understanding of how specific biological weapons work and how to recognize the symptoms of those affected by the weapons as well as how they would be treated
• Includes case studies, chapter review questions, and the instructor’s supplemental materials include PowerPoint presentations, a Test Bank, and suggestions for student projects
• Begins with a primer on microbiology, the human immune system’s response to these biological agents, and the defense agencies involved with protecting the public against these agents

Paul Matthew Nolan is an Associate Professor of Biology, Behavior, and Disease Ecology at The Citadel - The Military College of South Carolina as well as an adjunct professor in the Graduate Program in Marine Biology, and Graduate Program in Environmental Studies at The College of Charleston. In 2012 he was awarded the Faculty Spotlight Award for Excellence in Teaching and Scholarship from The Citadel. He has published extensively on the influence of condition and parasites on individual condition in a wide variety of bird species.

PREFACE xv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvii

ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE xix

INTRODUCTION 1

UNIT I AGENTS IMMUNITY AND AGENCIES 5

1 Bacteria Toxins and Viruses 7

1.1 Bacteria 7

1.2 Toxins 15

1.3 Viruses 17

1.4 Genetic Engineering 21

Chapter 1 Summary 23

Chapter 1: Review Questions 24

2 The Human Immune System 27

2.1 The Defense 27

2.2 The Offense 29

Chapter 2 Summary 35

Chapter 2 Review Questions 36

3 Defense Agencies 37

3.1 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (www.cdc.gov) 37

3.2 The World Health Organization (www.who.int) 40

3.3 The United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (www.usamriid.army.mil) 42

3.4 The United States Department of Homeland Security (www.dhs.gov) 45

3.5 The Biological Toxins and Weapons Convention (www.un.org.disarmament/WMD/Bio/) 47

Chapter 3 Summary 48

Chapter 3 Review Questions 49

UNIT I REVIEW 51

UNIT II BACTERIA 53

4 Anthrax 55

4.1 The Agent 56

4.2 Symptoms 60

4.3 Treatment 63

4.4 History 65

Chapter 4 Summary 71

Chapter 4 Review Questions 72

References 73

5 Plague 75

5.1 The Agent 76

5.2 Symptoms 79

5.3 Treatment 81

5.4 History 82

Chapter 5 Summary 87

Chapter 5 Review Questions 88

References 89

6 Tularemia 91

6.1 The Agent 92

6.2 Symptoms 94

6.3 Treatment 97

6.4 History 98

Chapter 6 Summary 100

Chapter 6 Review Questions 101

References 102

7 Cholera 103

7.1 The Agent 104

7.2 Symptoms 107

7.3 Treatment 109

7.4 History 110

Chapter 7 Summary 113

Chapter 7 Review Questions 114

References 115

UNIT II REVIEW 117

UNIT III TOXINS 119

8 Ricin 121

8.1 The Agent 122

8.2 Symptoms 125

8.3 Treatment 127

8.4 History 128

Chapter 8 Summary 130

Chapter 8 Review Questions 131

References 132

9 Botulinum Toxin 135

9.1 The Agent 137

9.2 Symptoms 139

9.3 Treatment 144

9.4 History 145

Chapter 9 Summary 147

Chapter 9 Review Questions 148

References 149

10 Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B 151

10.1 The Agent 152

10.2 Symptoms 153

10.3 Treatment 156

10.4 History 156

Chapter 10 Summary 158

Chapter 10 Review Questions 158

References 159

UNIT III REVIEW 161

UNIT IV VIRUSES 163

11 Ebola 165

11.1 The Agent 166

11.2 Symptoms 169

11.3 Treatment 170

11.4 History 171

Chapter 11 Summary 174

Chapter 11 Review Questions 176

References 177

12 Smallpox 179

12.1 The Agent 180

12.2 Symptoms 182

12.3 Treatment 187

12.4 History 188

Chapter 12 Summary 194

Chapter 12 Review Questions 196

References 196

13 Hantavirus 199

13.1 The Agent 200

13.2 Symptoms 202

13.3 Treatment 205

13.4 History 205

Chapter 13 Summary 207

Chapter 13 Review Questions 208

References 209

14 Viral Encephalitis 211

14.1 The Agent 212

14.2 Symptoms 214

14.3 Treatment 216

14.4 History 216

Chapter 14 Summary 218

Chapter 14 Review Questions 219

References 219

15 Nipah Virus 221

15.1 The Agent 222

15.2 Symptoms 223

15.3 Treatment 225

15.4 History 225

Chapter 15 Summary 227

Chapter 15 Review Questions 228

References 228

16 Lassa Fever 231

16.1 The Agent 232

16.2 Symptoms 234

16.3 Treatment 235

16.4 History 235

Chapter 16 Summary 239

Chapter 16 Review Questions 240

References 241

17 Marburg Virus 243

17.1 The Agent 244

17.2 Symptoms 246

17.3 Treatment 247

17.4 History 248

Chapter 17 Summary 252

Chapter 17 Review Questions 253

References 254

UNIT IV REVIEW 255

18 Looking Ahead: Policies Procedures and Prevention 259

18.1 Policies and Procedures 259

18.2 Prevention 266

Chapter 18 Summary 267

Chapter 18 Review Questions 268

References 269

APPENDICES 271

Appendix I Field Identification of Biological Warfare Agents (FIBWA) 273

Appendix II Biological Agent Identification and Counterterrorism Training (BAIT) 279

Appendix III Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating Poisonous or Other Gases and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (1925 Geneva Convention) 285

Appendix IV Convention on the Prohibition of the Development Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction 287

Appendix V States Parties Signatories and States not Members of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention 291

Appendix VI The Evidence Implicating Ivins Excerpt

From: Amerithrax Investigative Summary 295

ANSWERS TO CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS

AND UNIT REVIEWS 305

GLOSSARY 319

INDEX 331

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