Biology Of Disease

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ISBN: 9780748772100 | 0748772103
Cover: Nonspecific Binding
Copyright: 12/13/2006

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Biology of Disease is atext for undergraduate students who are intending to pursue a career in the medical support services. Written in an engaging manner, it is also an ideal reference for medical and clinical technicians and will be useful for students needing a broad overview of the biological basis of disease. Specific areas covered include haematology, immunology, and microbiology, along with genetic, cardiovascular, and diet-related disorders. Cancer and diseases of ageing are also included.Extensively illustrated throughout, the text is further supported by bullet-point summaries and revision questions. Biology of Diseasealso contains examples and case studies of common diseases, discussing preventative measures and treatments.

Preface	p. xvii
Glossary	p. xix
The Nature and Investigation of Diseases	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Characteristic Features of Diseases	p. 2
Etiology	p. 2
Pathogenesis	p. 3
Manifestations of Diseases	p. 4
Outcome of a Disease	p. 5
Classification of Diseases	p. 6
Epidemiology of Disease	p. 7
Investigating Diseases	p. 8
Types of Pathology Laboratories	p. 9
Role of Hospital Laboratory Tests	p. 10
Hospital Laboratory Tests	p. 14
Evaluation of Laboratory Tests	p. 16
Reference Ranges	p. 17
Quality of Test Results and Clinical Auditing	p. 18
Summary	p. 21
Further Reading	p. 22
Pathogens and Virulence	p. 25
Introduction	p. 25
Types of Pathogens	p. 26
Prions	p. 26
Viruses	p. 27
Bacteria	p. 30
Protozoa, Fungi and Helminths	p. 30
Arthropods and Vertebrates	p. 31
Virulence Factors	p. 33
Defensive Virulence Factors	p. 33
Offensive Virulence Factors	p. 34
Course of Infection	p. 37
Summary	p. 38
Further Reading	p. 39
Infectious Diseases and Treatments	p. 41
Introduction	p. 41
Infections of the Skin	p. 42
Infections of the Eyes, Ears and Central Nervous System	p. 42
Infections of the Respiratory System	p. 44
Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract	p. 46
Infections of the Urogenital System	p. 48
Sepsis and Systemic Infections	p. 53
Investigating Infectious Diseases	p. 54
Culture	p. 54
Serological Tests	p. 55
Biochemical and Molecular Biological Techniques	p. 56
Preventing Infectious Diseases	p. 59
Controlling the Spread of Pathogens	p. 60
Treatment of Infectious Diseases	p. 60
Antiviral Drugs	p. 60
Antibacterial Drugs	p. 61
Antifungal, Antiprotozoal and Antihelminthic Drugs	p. 64
Combination Therapy	p. 66
Surgery	p. 66
Summary	p. 69
Further Reading	p. 70
The Immune System	p. 73
Introduction	p. 73
Types of Immune Defense	p. 74
Nonspecific Defenses	p. 74
Interferons	p. 74
Complement	p. 75
Nonspecific Cells	p. 75
Mononuclear Leukocytes	p. 77
Inflammation and the Acute Phase Response	p. 77
Specific Immune Responses	p. 79
Roles of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity	p. 80
Humoral Immunity	p. 80
Cell-Mediated Immunity	p. 85
Small Lymphocytes	p. 86
Production of a Specific Immune Response	p. 87
Humoral Immunity	p. 89
Summary	p. 95
Further Reading	p. 97
Disorders of the Immune System	p. 99
Introduction	p. 99
Immunodeficiency Diseases	p. 100
Primary Immunodeficiency Disease	p. 100
Autoimmune Disorders	p. 110
Classification of Autoimmune Disorders	p. 110
Autoimmune Disorders Affecting Endocrine Glands	p. 111
Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease	p. 113
Myasthenia Gravis	p. 114
Rheumatoid Arthritis	p. 115
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus	p. 116
Immunological Hypersensitivity	p. 118
Hypersensitivity	p. 118
Hypersensitivity	p. 121
Hypersensitivity	p. 121
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity	p. 122
Summary	p. 123
Further Reading	p. 125
Transfusion and Transplantation	p. 127
Introduction	p. 127
Blood and Blood Products for Transfusion	p. 128
The Discovery of the Blood Group Systems	p. 129
The ABO Blood Group System (ISBT 001)	p. 132
The Antigens of the ABO System	p. 133
Antibodies of the ABO Blood Group System	p. 134
Consequences of ABO Incompatible Transfusions	p. 134
The Rh Blood Group System (ISBT 004)	p. 135
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn	p. 136
Other Blood Group Systems	p. 138
Laboratory Determination of Blood Groups	p. 139
Role of Complement in Transfusion Reactions	p. 140
Hazards of Transfusion	p. 141
Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury	p. 142
Iron Overload	p. 142
Alloimmunization	p. 142
Graft versus Host Disease	p. 143
Infections	p. 143
Screening of Blood Donors	p. 143
Transplantation of Solid Tissues and Organs	p. 145
Immunological Rejection of Transplants	p. 145
Causes of Graft Rejection	p. 146
The HLA System	p. 147
HLA Typing	p. 148
Immunosuppression	p. 150
Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation	p. 152
Bone Marrow Transplantation	p. 152
Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation	p. 153
Umbilical Cord Stem Cell Transplantation	p. 153
Identification of Hemopoietic Stem Cells	p. 153
Summary	p. 154
Further Reading	p. 155
Disorders of the Endocrine System	p. 157
Introduction	p. 157
Hormone Production	p. 159
Mechanisms of Hormonal Action	p. 162
Causes of Endocrine Disorders	p. 164
The Pituitary Gland	p. 165
Disorders of Pituitary Function	p. 167
Growth Hormone Disorders	p. 169
Diagnosis and Treatment of Growth Hormone Disorders	p. 171
Thyroid Hormone Disorders	p. 172
Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Disorders	p. 174
Regulation of Blood Glucose	p. 177
Diabetes Mellitus	p. 178
Hypoglycemia	p. 181
Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex	p. 183
Addison's Disease	p. 184
Cushing's Syndrome	p. 185
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia	p. 186
Conn's Syndrome	p. 187
Reproductive Hormones	p. 188
Disorders of Sex Hormones	p. 194
Summary	p. 198
Further Reading	p. 200
Disorders of Water, Electrolytes and Urate Balances	p. 203
Introduction	p. 203
Kidneys	p. 204
Renal Function Tests	p. 206
Renal Failure	p. 206
Disorders of Water Homeostasis	p. 208
Disorders of Na[superscript +] Homeostasis	p. 210
Disorders of K[superscript +] Homeostasis	p. 211
Disorders of Ca[superscript 2+] Homeostasis	p. 212
Disorders of Phosphate Homeostasis	p. 216
Disorders of Mg[superscript 2+] Homeostasis	p. 218
Disorders of Urate Metabolism	p. 219
Summary	p. 222
Further Reading	p. 223
Disorders of Acid-Base Balance	p. 225
Introduction	p. 225
The Production and Transport of Carbon Dioxide	p. 226
Buffering and the Excretion of H[superscript +]	p. 227
Types of Acid-Base Disorders	p. 230
Metabolic Acid-Base Disorders	p. 230
Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders	p. 231
Mixed Acid-Base Disorders	p. 232
Investigating Acid-Base Disorders	p. 233
Summary	p. 236
Further Reading	p. 237
Diet and Disease	p. 239
Introduction	p. 239
Diet and Nutrition	p. 240
Nutrients and Energy	p. 240
Carbohydrates	p. 241
Lipids	p. 241
Proteins	p. 244
Water	p. 244
Vitamins	p. 245
Minerals and Trace Elements	p. 250
Nutritional Disorders	p. 252
Protein-Energy Malnutrition	p. 252
Obesity	p. 254
Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa	p. 258
Disorders of Vitamin Nutrition	p. 259
Nutritional Disorders of Minerals and Trace Elements	p. 263
Investigating Nutritional Disorders	p. 266
Protein-Energy Malnutrition	p. 267
Obesity	p. 267
Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa	p. 267
Vitamins	p. 268
Minerals and Trace Elements	p. 270
General Management of Nutritional Disorders	p. 271
Summary	p. 273
Further Reading	p. 276
Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Pancreas, Liver and Gall Bladder	p. 277
Introduction	p. 277
The Gastrointestinal Tract and its Accessory Organs	p. 278
Digestion	p. 281
Mouth	p. 282
Stomach	p. 283
Small Intestine	p. 285
Absorption of the Products of Digestion	p. 289
Activities of the Large Intestine	p. 295
The Small Intestine and Homeostasis	p. 295
Hormonal Control of GIT Secretions	p. 296
Disorders of the GIT and Accessory Organs	p. 297
Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas	p. 297
Disorders of the Liver, Gall Bladder and Bile Duct	p. 298
Disorders of the Stomach	p. 302
Disorders of the Small Intestine	p. 306
Disorders of the Large Intestine	p. 311
Summary	p. 312
Further Reading	p. 313
Toxicology	p. 315
Introduction	p. 315
Drug Action, Metabolism, Distribution and Excretion	p. 316
Physiological Detoxification Mechanisms	p. 318
Symptomatic Poisoning	p. 321
Common Poisons	p. 321
Paracetamol	p. 321
Aspirin	p. 325
Ethanol	p. 327
Methanol	p. 331
Ethylene Glycol	p. 331
Barbiturates	p. 332
Carbon Monoxide	p. 333
Paraquat	p. 334
Metals	p. 335
Summary	p. 341
Further Reading	p. 342
Disorders of the Blood	p. 345
Introduction	p. 345
Blood Cells and Platelets	p. 346
Hemoglobins	p. 349
Key Properties of Hemoglobin	p. 350
Embryonic and Fetal Hemoglobins	p. 351
Hemostasis and Blood Clotting	p. 352
The Intrinsic Pathway	p. 353
The Extrinsic Pathway	p. 354
Common Final Pathway	p. 355
Prevention of Clotting	p. 355
Dissolution of Clots	p. 356
Anemias	p. 356
Microcytic Anemias	p. 357
Macrocytic Anemia	p. 359
Hemoglobinopathies	p. 361
Sickle Cell Anemia	p. 362
The Thalassemias	p. 365
Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (G6PD)	p. 368
Favism	p. 369
Clinical Aspects of Clotting	p. 370
Vitamin K and Anticoagulants	p. 370
Hemophilia	p. 371
Thrombocytopenia and Thrombocytosis	p. 372
Summary	p. 375
Further Reading	p. 377
Disorders of the Cardiovascular System	p. 379
Introduction	p. 379
The Heart and Circulatory Systems	p. 380
Blood Vessels	p. 383
Arteries	p. 384
Veins	p. 386
Capillaries	p. 386
Blood Pressure	p. 386
Investigating Cardiac Function in Health and Disease	p. 389
The Electrocardiogram (ECG)	p. 389
Echocardiography	p. 391
Cardiac Catheterization (Angiography)	p. 391
Angiography and Radiographic Visualization	p. 391
Exercise Stress Test	p. 391
Endocarditis	p. 392
Abnormal Heart Rhythms	p. 392
Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter	p. 393
Ventricular Tachycardia	p. 393
Ventricular Fibrillation	p. 394
Heart Block	p. 394
Cardic Failure	p. 395
Investigation	p. 395
Treatment	p. 395
Chronic Heart Failure	p. 396
Acute Heart Failure	p. 396
Ischemic Heart Disease	p. 396
Cardiomyopathies	p. 397
Dilated Congestive Cardiomyopathy	p. 397
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy	p. 398
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy	p. 398
Heart Valve Disorders	p. 399
Heart Tumors	p. 399
Atherosclerosis or Arteriosclerosis	p. 400
Angina	p. 400
Cholesterol and Lipoproteins	p. 402
Myocardial Infarction	p. 404
Plasma Enzymes in Myocardial Infarction	p. 405
Treatment	p. 405
Coronary Bypass Surgery	p. 405
Pericardial Diseases	p. 406
Disorders of Arteries and Veins	p. 407
Peripheral Arterial Disease	p. 407
Aneurysms	p. 407
Aortic Dissection	p. 407
Stroke	p. 408
Varicose Veins	p. 409
Deep Vein Thrombosis	p. 409
Clinical Problems Associated with Blood Pressure	p. 410
Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension)	p. 410
Shock	p. 410
High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)	p. 411
Summary	p. 412
Further Reading	p. 414
Genetic Diseases	p. 415
Introduction	p. 415
Genetics and DNA	p. 416
DNA Replication and the Cell Cycle	p. 417
Mitosis and Meiosis	p. 418
Genotype and Phenotype	p. 421
Inheritance and Mutations	p. 421
Sex-linked Genetic Diseases	p. 423
Inherited Gene Disorders	p. 424
Consequences of an Enzyme Deficiency	p. 424
National Screening Programs for Inherited Diseases	p. 428
Chromosomes and the Human Karyotype	p. 428
Fragile Sites	p. 430
Chromosomal Mutations or Aberrations	p. 432
Deletions	p. 433
Duplications	p. 434
Inversions	p. 435
Translocations	p. 435
Variations in Chromosome Numbers	p. 437
Aneuploidy	p. 437
Euploidy	p. 440
Detecting, Diagnosing and Screening Human Genetics Diseases	p. 441
Detection of Hereditary Diseases	p. 442
Summary	p. 445
Further Reading	p. 446
Membrane, Organelle and Cytoskeletal Disorders	p. 449
Introduction	p. 449
Nucleus and Nucleocytoplasmic Transport	p. 450
Clinical Aspects of Nucleocytoplasmic Transport	p. 453
Plasma Membrane Disorders	p. 453
Cystic Fibrosis	p. 454
Mitochondrial Disorders	p. 456
Causes of Mitochondrial Disorders	p. 457
Diagnosis and Treatment of Mitochondrial Disorders	p. 460
Peroxisomal Disorders	p. 461
Diagnosis and Treatment of Peroxisomal Disorders	p. 462
Lysosomal Disorders	p. 463
Diagnosis and Treatment of Lysosomal Storage Disorders	p. 465
Cytoskeletal Disorders	p. 465
Muscular Dystrophies	p. 467
Hereditary Elliptocytosis and Spherocytosis	p. 470
Summary	p. 471
Further Reading	p. 473
Cancer	p. 475
Introduction	p. 475
Classification of Cancer Types	p. 476
Epidemiology of Cancer	p. 476
Molecular Biology of Cancer	p. 478
Oncogenes	p. 478
Tumor Suppressor Genes	p. 479
Causes of Cancer	p. 480
Inherited Cancers	p. 480
Chromosomes and Cancer	p. 481
Chemical Carcinogens	p. 482
Diet and Cancer	p. 484
Radiation and Cancer	p. 485
Viruses and Cancer	p. 486
General Diagnosis of Cancer	p. 487
Clinical Tests for Cancer	p. 487
General Treatment of Cancer	p. 492
Chemotherapy	p. 493
Radiation Therapy	p. 497
Immunotherapy	p. 497
Specific Types of Cancers	p. 498
Lung Cancer	p. 498
Breast Cancer	p. 500
Prostate Cancer	p. 502
Colorectal Cancer	p. 505
Leukemias	p. 507
Summary	p. 511
Further Reading	p. 512
Aging and Disease	p. 515
Introduction	p. 515
Aging of Cells, Tissues, Organs and Systems	p. 516
Cells	p. 516
Tissues	p. 516
Organs	p. 516
Systems	p. 517
Causes of Aging	p. 519
'Wear and Tear' Theories	p. 519
Genome-Based Theories	p. 521
Age-Related Diseases	p. 522
Cancer	p. 522
Cardiovascular Disease	p. 522
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2	p. 523
Cataracts	p. 523
Arthritis	p. 523
Parkinson's Disease	p. 523
Calorie Restriction and Aging	p. 527
Investigations and Management of the Elderly	p. 527
Summary	p. 528
Further Reading	p. 529
Case Study Discussions	p. 531
	p. 531
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	p. 538
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	p. 540
Answers to Questions	p. 541
	p. 541
	p. 541
	p. 542
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	p. 550
Index	p. 551
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