Biology of Hevea Rubber

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ISBN: 9781845936662 | 1845936663
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/30/2011

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Rubber is an economically important material that occurs naturally and can be produced synthetically. Many advances have been made in the understanding of the cultivation and biology of the rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, and this book covers the essential elements of rubber breeding and physiology to provide a guide for cultivators and researchers of this vital crop. It provides an in-depth analysis of plant structure and crop physiology, climatic requirements, latex production, genetics and breeding, biotechnology, molecular biology, soil tillage and crop establishment, nutrition, weed control, processing and quality.

Preface	p. viii
Introduction	p. 1
Genesis and Development	p. 7
The Amazon River Basin	p. 7
History of Domestication	p. 10
Plant Structure and Ecophysiology	p. 17
Reproductive Biology and Botany	p. 17
Flowering	p. 18
Fruit set	p. 21
Post-fertilization events	p. 23
Seed	p. 24
Vegetative growth	p. 25
Wintering	p. 25
Root system	p. 26
Juvenile and mature characteristics	p. 27
Growth studies	p. 27
Root heterogeneity and stock-scion interactions	p. 29
Propagation	p. 30
Polyclonal seed generation	p. 31
Vegetative methods	p. 31
Ecophysiology	p. 40
Photosynthetic efficiency	p. 41
Dry matter production and water use efficiency (WUE)	p. 42
Latex Production, Diagnosis and Harvest	p. 46
Latex	p. 46
Rubber particles	p. 47
Organic non-rubber constituents	p. 49
Nucleic acids and polysomes	p. 51
Latex Metabolism	p. 52
Factors regulating metabolism of latex	p. 54
Latex Vessels and Turgor Pressure	p. 55
Anatomy and Latex Flow	p. 58
Lutoids and Coagulation of Latex	p. 61
Lutoid breakdown mechanisms	p. 62
Harvest	p. 63
Tapping notations	p. 64
Tapping techniques	p. 67
Factors affecting tapping efficiency	p. 69
Yield stimulation	p. 69
Tapping Panel Dryness (TPD)	p. 71
Genetics and Breeding	p. 74
Genetic Resources	p. 74
Heuea as a species complex	p. 74
Distribution of allied species	p. 75
New genetic resources	p. 70
Early History of Rubber Breeding	p. 80
Evaluation of Clones	p. 81
Recombination Breeding	p. 81
Breeding Pattern	p. 88
Selection	p. 90
Hevea Clones	p. 98
Biotechnology and Molecular Biology	p. 101
In Vitro Culture	p. 101
Anther culture	p. 102
Somatic embryogenesis and meristem culture	p. 103
Protoplast culture and embryo rescue	p. 107
Direct gene transfer	p. 108
Molecular Breeding	p. 110
Non-expressed molecular genetic markers (MGMs)	p. 111
Molecular genetic diversity	p. 113
Paternity identification	p. 117
Genetic mapping	p. 117
Expressed genes in Hevea	p. 121
Soil Tillage, Crop Establishment and Nutrition	p. 126
Chemical Properties	p. 128
Planting Density	p. 129
Resource Capture in Intercropping Systems	p. 131
Constraints - Environmental and Biological	p. 134
Non-traditional Environments and Geoclimatic Stresses	p. 134
Hevea Grown Under Marginal Conditions	p. 135
Abiotic stress factors	p. 140
Rubber-growing regions of India, Thailand and Vietnam	p. 142
Rubber-growing regions of China	p. 144
Conditions in West Africa	p. 144
Situation in South America	p. 147
Phenology Under Different Geoclimates	p. 147
GE Interactions and Specific Adaptation	p. 149
Biotic Stresses	p. 153
South American leaf blight (SALB)	p. 153
Abnormal leaf fall	p. 158
Powdery mildew	p. 159
Corynespora leaf disease	p. 160
Shoot rot	p. 162
Gleosporium leaf disease	p. 162
Ancillary Income Generation	p. 164
Hevea Honey	p. 164
Hevea Wood	p. 165
Processing	p. 167
Production and consumption	p. 168
Hevea and Clean Development Management	p. 169
Glossary	p. 172
References	p. 177
Index	p. 221
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Biology of Hevea Rubber

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