Biology Laboratory Manual

1 Scientific Methods

2 Measurements in Biology: The Metric System and Data Analysis

3 The Microscope: Basic Skills of Light Microscopy

4 The Cell: Structure and Function

5 Solutions, Acids, and Bases: The pH Scale

6 Biologically Important Molecules: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids

7 Separating Organic Compounds: Column Chromatography, Paper Chromatography, and Gel Electrophoresis

8 Spectrophotometry: Identifying Solutes and Determining Their Concentration

9 Diffusion and Osmosis: Passive Movements of Molecules in Biologal Systems

10 Cellular Membranes: Effects of Physical and Chemical Stress

11 Enzymes: Factors Affecting the Rate of Activity

12 Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic Oxidation of Organic Molecules

13 Photosynthesis: Pigment Separation, Starch Production, and CO2 Uptake

14 Mitosis: Replication of Eukaryotic Cells

15 Meiosis: Reduction Division and Gametogenesis

16 Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: DNA Isolation and Bacterial Transformation

17 Genetics: The Principles of Mendel

18 Evolution: Natural Selection and Morphological Change in Green Algae

19 Human Evolution: Skull Examination

20 Ecology: Diversity and Interaction in Plant Communities

21 Community Succession

22 Population Growth: Limitations of the Environment

23 Pollution: The Effect of Chemical, Thermal, and Acid Pollution

24 Survey of Bacteria: Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Bacteria

25 Survey of the Kingdom Protista: The Algae

26 Survey of the Kingdom Protista: Protozoa and Slime Molds

27 Survey of the Kingdom Fungi: Molds, Sac Fungi, Mushrooms, and Lichens

28 Survey of the Plant Kingdom: Liverworts, Mosses, and Hornworts of Phyla Hepaticophyta, Bryophyta, and Anthocerophyta

29 Survey of the Plant Kingdom: Seedles Vascular Plants of Phyla Pterophyta and Lycophyta

30 Survey of the Plant Kingdom: Gymnosperms of Phyla Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Coniferophyta, and Gnetophyta

31 Survey of the Plant Kingdom: Angiosperms

32 Plant Anatomy: Vegetative Structure of Vascular Plants

33 Plant Physiology: Transpiration

34 Plant Physiology: Tropisms, Nutrition, and Growth Regulators

35 Bioassay: Measuring Physiologically Active Substances

36 Survey of the Animal Kingdom: Phyla Porifera and Cnidaria

37 Survey of the Animal Kingdom: Phyla Platyhelminthes and Nematoda

38 Survey of the Animal Kingdom: Phyla Mollusca and Annelida

39 Survey of the Animal Kingdom: Phylum Arthropoda

40 Survey of the Animal Kingdom: Phyla Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and Chordata

41 Vertebrate Animal Tissues: Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, and Nervous Tissues

42 Human Biology: The Human Skeletal System

43 Human Biology: Muscles and Muscle Contraction

44 Human Biology: Breathing

45 Human Biology: Circulation and Blood Pressure

46 Human Biology: Sensory Perception

47 Vertebrate Anatomy: External Features and Skeletal System of the Rat

48 Vertebrate Anatomy: Muscles and Internal Organs of the Rat

49 Vertebrate Anatomy: Urogenital and Circulatory Systems of the Rat

50 Embryology: Comparative Morphologies and Strategies of Development

51 Animal Behavior: Taxis, Kinesis, and Agonistic Behavior

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