Biomass to Biofuels Strategies for Global

Focusing on the key challenges that still impede the realization of the billion-ton renewable fuels vision, this book integrates technological development and business development rationales to highlight the key technological.developments that are necessary to industrialize biofuels on a global scale. Technological issues addressed in this work include fermentation and downstream processing technologies, as compared to current industrial practice and process economics. Business issues that provide the lens through which the technological review is performed span the entire biofuel value chain, from financial mechanisms to fund biotechnology start-ups in the biofuel arena up to large green field manufacturing projects, to raw material farming, collection and transport to the bioconversion plant, manufacturing, product recovery, storage, and transport to the point of sale. Emphasis has been placed throughout the book on providing a global view that takes into account the intrinsic characteristics of various biofuels markets from Brazil, the EU, the US, or Japan, to emerging economies as agricultural development and biofuel development appear undissociably linked.

Dr Alain Vertes is based in the Microbiology Research Group at the Research Institute of Innovative Technology (RIIT) in Kyoto, Japan.? Dr Vertes received his PhD from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and in 2004 received his MBA as a Sloan Fellow from the London Business School.? His industrial experience includes working with Mitsubishi, Eli Lilly and in Nov 2001 he joined RIIT as a Senior Researcher. In May 2002 he was appointed Portfolio Head, Strategic Alliances for Pfizer in France and took up the position of Pharmaceuticals, Director, Strategic Alliances at Pfizer UK in October 2004. In April 2005 he returned to the Research Institute of Innovative Technology in Kyoto where he is a Senior Research working on biotechnology start-ups in the field of energy and chemical production.

Dr Nasib Qureshi received his first Ph.D. in 1985 in Fermentation Technology from Bombay University, and a further Ph.D. in 1997 in Chemical & Biological Engineering from the University of Nebraska. He is currently a chemical engineer in fermentation and biotechnology at the USDA in Peoria, IL, as well as Affiliate Faculty, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL. He has been honored by "Superior Performance Awards" National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (USDA) 2004, 2005, 2006; He has served as Editor for the "World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology" in 2006 and has also been an editorial board member for "Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology" (2001-present), "World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology" (2001-2003), "Energy Sources" (2001-present), and "Renewable Energy" (2001-present). He has published over 90 refereed papers/review articles and five book chapters.

Professor H.P. Blaschek, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois. He obtained his B.Sc. from Rutgers College in 1974, and MSc and PhD in Food Microbiology. He joined the faculty in the Dept of Food Science at the University of Illinois in 1980 as an Assistant Professor and was promoted to Associate Professor in 1986 and full Professor in 1991. He teaches Food and Industrial Microbiology, Advanced Food Microbiology, and Food Microbiology for Non-Majors and ? He is currently a member of the College of ACES Academy of Teaching Excellence and served as secretary to the ACES Executive Committee. He also has served as Panel Manager for the USDA NRI competitive grants program in the Value-added non-foods and biofuels areas.

Foreword
Preface
Contributors
Structure of the Bioenergy Business
Characteristics of Biofuels and Renewable Fuel Standards
Introduction
Molecular Structure
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Biofuel Standards
Perspective
References
The Global Demand for Biofuels: Technologies, Markets and Policies
Introduction
Motivation and Potential of Renewable Fuels
Renewable Fuels in the Transportation Sector
Status and Potential of Major Biofuels
Biofuel Policies and Markets in Selected Countries
Perspective
References
Biofuel Demand Realization
Introduction
Availability of Renewable Resources to Realize Biofuel Demand
Technology Improvements to Enhance Biofuel Production Economics
US Regulatory Requirements for Organisms Engineered to Meet Biofuel Demand
Conclusions
References
Advanced Biorefineries for the Production of Fuel Ethanol
Introduction
Ethanol Production Plants Using Sugar Feedstocks
Dedicated Dry-Grind and Dry-Mill Starch Ethanol Production Plants
Dedicated Wet-Mill Starch Ethanol Production Plants
Dedicated Cellulosic Ethanol Production Plants
Advanced Combined Biorefineries
Perspective
References
Diesel from Biomass
Biomass Liquefaction and Gasification
Introduction
Direct Liquefaction
Biosynfuels from Biosyngas
Summary and Conclusions
References
Diesel from Syngas
Introduction
Overview of Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
Historical Development of the F-T Synthesis Process
Modern Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Processes
Economics
Perspective
Acknowledgements
References
Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils
Introduction
Use of Vegetable Oils as Diesel Fuels
Renewable Diesel
Properties
Biodiesel Production
Transesteritication
Biodiesel Purification
Perspective
References
Biofuels from Microalgae and Seaweeds
Introduction
Biofuels from Microalgae: Products, Processes, and Limitations
Biofuels from Seaweeds: Products, Processes, and Limitations
Conclusions
References
Ethanol and Butanol
Improvements in Corn to Ethanol Production Technology Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Introduction
Current Industrial Ethanol Production Technology
Granular Starch Hydrolysis
Corn Fractionation
Simultaneous SSF and Distillation
Dynamic Control of SSF Processes
Cost of Ethanol
Perspective
References
Advanced Technologies for Biomass Hydrolysis and Saccharification Using Novel Enzymes
Introduction
The Substrate
Glycosyl Hydrolases
The Cellulosome Concept
New Approaches for the Identification of Novel Glycoside Hydrolases
Perspective
References
Mass Balances and Analytical Methods for Biomass Pretreatment Experiments
Introduction
Analysis of Feedstocks for Composition and Potential Ethanol Yield
Pretreatment
Enzymatic Extraction of Sugars
Fermentation of Pretreated Hydrolysates to Ethanol
Feedstock and Process Integration
Perspective
Acknowledgments
References
Biomass Conversion Inhibitors and In Situ Detoxification
Introduction
Inhibitory Compounds Derived from Biomass Pretreatment
Inhibitory Effects
Removal of Inhibitors
Inhibitor-Tolerant Strain Development
Inhibitor Conversion Pathways
Molecular Mechanisms of In Situ Detoxification
Perspective
Acknowledgments
References
Fuel Ethanol Production From Lignocellulosic Raw Materials Using Recombinant Yeasts
Introduction
Consolidated Bioprocessing and Ethanol Production
Pentose-Fermenting S. cerevisiae Strains
Lignocellulose Fermentation and Ethanol Inhibition
Perspective
Acknowledgments
References
Conversion of Biomass to Ethanol by Other Organisms
Introduction
Desired Biocatalysts for Biomass to Bioethanol
Gram-Negative Bacteria
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Perspective
Acknowledgments
References
Advanced Fermentation Technologies
Introduction
Batch Processes
Fed-Batch Processes
Continuous Processes
Immobilized Cell Systems
Growth-Arrested Process
Integrated Bioprocesses
Consolidated Bioprocessing (CBP)
Perspective
References
Advanced Product Recovery Technologies
Introduction
Membrane Separation
Advanced Technologies for Biofuel Recovery: Industrially Relevant Processes
Perspective
Acknowledgments
References
Clostridia and Process Engineering for Energy Generation
Introduction
Substrates, Cultures, and Traditional Technologies
Agricultural Residues as Substrates for the Future
Butanol-Producing Microbial Cultures
Regulation of Butanol Production and Microbial Genetics
Novel Fermentation Technologies
Novel Product Recovery Technologies
Fermentation of Lignocellulosic Substrates in Integrated Systems
Integrated or Consolidated Processes
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Hydrogen, methane, and methanol
Hydrogen Generation by Microbial Cultures
Introduction: Why Biological Hydrogen Production?
Biological Hydrogen Production
Metabolic Basics for Hydrogen Production: Fermentation and Photosynthesis
H2 Production in Application: Cases in Point
Perspective
References
Engineering Photosynthesis for H2 Production from H2O: Cyanobacteria as Design Organisms
The Basic Idea: Why Hydrogen from Water?
Realization: Three Mutually Supporting Strategies
The Biological Strategy: How to Design a Hydrogen-Producing (Cyano-) Bacterial Cell
Engineering the Environment of the Cells: Reactor Design
How Much Can We Expect? The Limit of Natural Systems
Perspective
Acknowledgments
References
Production and Utilization of Methane Biogas as Renewable Fuel
Introduction
The Microbes and Metabolisms Underpinning Biomethanation
Potential Feedstocks Used for Methane Biogas Production
Biomethanation Technologies for Production of Methane Biogas
Utilization of Methane Biogas as a Fuel
Perspective
Concluding Remarks
Disclaimer
References
Methanol Production and Utilization
Introduction
Biomass Gasification: Mature and Immature
Feedstocks: Diverse and Plentiful
Biomethanol: ICEs, FFVs, and FCVs
Case Study: Waste Wood Biorefinery
Case Study: Two-Step Thermochemical Conversion Process
Case Study: Mobile Methanol Machine
Case Study: Scandinavia Leading the Way with Black Liquor Methanol Production
Case Study: Methanol Fermentation through Anaerobic Digestion
References
Perspectives
Enhancing Primary Raw Materials for Biofuels
Introduction
In-Fibril Modification
In-Wall Modifications
In-Planta Modifications
In-CRES-T Modification
A Catalogue of Gene Families for Glycan Synthases and Hydrolases
Perspective
Acknowledgments
References
Axes of Development in Chemical and Process Engineering for Converting Biomass to Energy
Global Outlook
Enhancement of Raw Material Biomass
Conversion of Biomass to Fuels and Chemicals
Chemical Engineering Development
Perspective
References
Financing Strategies for Industrial-Scale Biofuel Production and Technology Development Start-Ups
Background: The Financial Environment
Biofuels Project: Steps in Value Creation and Required Funding at Each Stage
Governmental Incentives to Support the Nascent Biofuel and Biomaterial Industry
Perspective: What is the Best Funding Source for Each Step in a Company's Development?
References
Index
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Biomass to Biofuels Strategies for Global Industries

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