Biomedical Applications of Electroactive

Giving fundamental information on one of the most promising families of smart materials, electroactive polymers (EAP) this exciting new titles focuses on the several biomedical applications made possible by these types of materials and their related actuation technologies. Each chapter provides a description of the specific EAP material and device configuration used, material processing, device assembling and testing, along with a description of the biomedical application.Edited by well-respected academics in the field of electroactive polymers with contributions from renowned international experts, this is an excellent resource for industrial and academic research scientists, engineers, technicians and graduate students working with polymer actuators or in the fields of polymer science.

Dr. Ing. Federico Carpi is a postdoctoral researcher at the Interdepartmental Research Center, E. Piaggio, at the University of Pisa (Italy). He gained his degree and PhD at the University of Pisa. His main research interests include the design, the study, the development, the fabrication and the characterization of innovative electromechanical devices based on electroactive polymer (EAP) materials. Dr. Carpi is also founder and co-coordinator for the European Scientific Network for Artificial Muscles.

Elisabeth Smela is an Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Maryland (USA). She received her BS in physics from MIT and completed her PhD in electrical engineering at the University of Pennsylvania in 1992. She then worked at Linköping University in Sweden and at Riso National Lab in Denmark developing microfabricated conjugated polymer devices. In 1999 she joined the start-up company Santa Fe Science and Technology in New Mexico as Vice President of Research and Development. She joined the faculty of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Maryland in September 2000. She was awarded the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) in 2004 for research in dielectric elastomer actuators for microrobotics. She also received the DuPont Young Professor Award in 2003, the engineering school's Kent Teaching Award for Junior Faculty in 2004, and the university's Outstanding Invention of 2004. Her research interests are in polymer MEMS and bioMEMS, and more generally in combining organic materials with conventional inorganic materials to make new micro-scale devices.

Preface
List of Contributors
Introduction
Polymer Gels.
Polymer Gel Actuators: Fundamentals (Paul Calvert).
Introduction and Historical Overview
Properties of Gels
Chemical and Physical Formation of Gels
Actuation Methods
Performance of Gels as Actuators
Applications of Electroactive Gels
Conclusions
References
Bioresponsive Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications (Tom McDonald, Alison Patrick, Richard Williams, Brian G. Cousins and Rein V. Ulijn).
Introduction
Chemical Hydrogels
Physical Hydrogels
Defining Bioresponsive Hydrogels
Bioresponsive Chemical Hydrogels
Bioresponsive Physical Hydrogels
Electroactive Chemical Hydrogels
Conclusion
References
Stimuli-Responsive and æActiveÆ Polymers in Drug Delivery (Aram Omar Saeed, Jóhannes Páll Magnússon, Beverley Twaites and Cameron Alexander).
Introduction
Drug Delivery: Examples, Challenges and Opportunities for Polymers
The emerging State of the Art Mechanisms In Polymer Controlled Release Systems
Responsive or æSmartÆ Polymers in Drug Delivery
Recent Highlights of Actuated Polymers for Drug Delivery Applications
Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
Thermally Driven Hydrogel Actuator for Controllable Flow Rate Pump in Long-Term Drug Delivery (Piero Chiarelli and Pietro Ragni).
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Hydrogel Actuator
Pump Functioning
Conclusion
References
Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMC).
IPMC actuators: Fundamentals (Kinji Asaka and Keisuke Oguro).
Introduction
Fabrications
Measurement
Performance of the IPMC Actuator
Model
Recent Developments
Conclusion
References
Active Micro-Catheter and Biomedical Soft Devices Based on IPMC Actuators (Kinji Asaka and Keisuke Oguro).
Introduction
Fabrication of the IPMC Device
Applications to Micro-Catheter
Other Applications
Conclusions
References
Implantable Heart-Assist and Compression Devices Employing Active Network of Electrically-Controllable Ionic Polymeric Metal Nanocomposites (Mohsen Shahinpoor).
Introduction
Heart Failure
Background of IPMNCs
Three-Dimensional Fabrication of IPMNCs
Electrically-Induced Robotic Actuation
Distributed Nanosensing and Transduction
Modeling and Simulation
Application of IPMNCs to Heart Compression and Assist In General
Manufacturing of Thick IPMC Fingers
Conclusions
References
IPMC Based Tactile Displays for Pressure and Texture Presentation on a Human Finger (Masashi Konyo and Satoshi Tadokoro).
Introduction
IPMC actuators as a Tactile Stimulator
Wearable Tactile Display
Selective Stimulation Method for Tactile Synthesis
Texture Synthesis Method
Display Method for Pressure Sensation
Display method for roughness sensation
Display method for friction sensation
Synthesis of total textural feeling
Conclusions
References
IPMC Assisted Infusion Micropumps (Il-Seok Park, Sonia Vohnout, Mark Banister, Sangki Lee, Sang-Mun Kim and Kwang J. Kim).
Introduction
Background of IPMC
Miniature Disposable Infusion IPMC Micropumps
Modeling for IPMC Micropumps
Conclusions
References
Conjugated Polymers.
Conjugated Polymer Actuators: Fundamentals (Geoffrey M. Spinks, Gursel Alici, Scott McGovern, Binbin Xi and Gordon G. Wallace).
Introduction
Molecular Mechanisms of Actuation in ICPs
Comparison of Actuation Performance in Various ICPs
Electrochemistry of ICPs
Effect of Composition, Geometry and Electrolyte on Actuation of PPy
Mechanical System Response
Device Design and Optimization
Future Prospects
References
Steerable Catheters (Tina Shoa, John D. Madden, Nigel R. Munce and Victor X. D. Yang).
Introduction
Catheters: History And Current Applications
Catheter Design Challenges
Active Steerable Catheters
Discussion and Conclusion
References
Microfabricated Conjugated Polymer Actuators for Microvalves, Cell Biology and Microrobotics (Elisabeth Smela).
Introduction
Actuator Background
Microfabrication
Single Hinge Bilayer Devices: Flaps and Lids
Multi-Bilayer Devices: Positioning Tools
Swelling Film Devices: Valves
Lifetime
Integrated systems
Conclusions
References
Actuated Pins for Braille Displays (Geoffrey M. Spinks and Gordon G. Wallace).
Introduction
Requirements for Electronic Braille screen
Mechanical Analysis of Actuators Operating against Springs
Polypyrrole Actuators for Electronic Braille Pins
Other Polymer Actuation Systems for Electronic Braille Pins
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
Nanostructured Conducting Polymer Biomaterials and Their Applications in Controlled Drug Delivery (Mohammad Reza Abidian and David C. Martin).
Introduction
Nanostructured Conducting Polymers
Conducting Polymer Nanotubes for Controlled Drug Delivery
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Integrated Oral Drug Delivery System with Valve Based on Polypyrrole (Thorsten Göttsche and Stefan Haeberle).
Introduction
System Concept
Osmotic Pressure Pump
Polypyrrole in Actuator Applications
Valve Concepts Evaluated in the Course of the Intellidrug Project
Total assembly and Clinical Testing of the Intellidrug System
Acknowledgements
References
Piezoelectric and Electrostrictive Polymers.
Piezoelectric and Electrostrictive Polymer Actuators: Fundamentals (Zhimin Li and Zhongyang Cheng).
Introduction
Fundamentals of Electromechanical Materials
Materials Properties related to Electromechanical Applications
Typical Electromechanical Polymers and Their Properties
Conclusion Remarks
References
Miniature High Frequency Focused Ultrasonic Transducers for Minimally Invasive Imaging Procedures (Aaron Fleischman, Sushma Srivanas, Chaitanya Chandrana and Shuvo Roy).
Introduction
Coronary Imaging Needs
High Resolution Ultrasonic Transducers
Fabrication Techniques
Testing Methods
Results
Conclusion
References
Catheters for Thrombosis Sample in Blood Vessels Using Piezoelectric Polymer Fibers (Yoshiro Tajitsu).
Introduction
Piezoelectricity of Polymer Film and Fiber
Simple Measurement Method for Bending Motion of Piezoelectric Polymer Fiber
Piezoelectric Motion of PLLA Fiber
Elementary Demonstration of Prototype System for Catheters Using Piezoelectric Polymer Fiber
Summary
References
Piezoelectric Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) in Biomedical Ultrasound Exposimetry (Gerald R. Harris).
Introduction
Needle Hydrophone Design
Spot-Poled Membrane Hydrophone Design
Application to Diagnostic Ultrasound
Application to Therapeutic Ultrasound
Conclusion
References
Dielectric Elastomers.
Dielectric Elastomer Actuators: Fundamentals (Roy Kornbluh, Richard Heydt and Ron Pelrine).
Introduction
Basic Principle of Operation
Dielectric Elastomer Materials
Transducer Designs and Configurations
Operational Considerations
References
Biomedical Applications of Dielectric Elastomer Actuators (John S. Bashkin, Roy Kornbluh, Harsha Prahlad and Annjoe Wong-Foy).
Introduction
UMA-Based Actuators and Their Application to Pumps
Mechanical Stimulation Using Thickness-Mode Actuation
Implantable Artificial Diaphragm Muscle
Implantable Artificial Facial Muscles
Limb Prosthetics and Orthotics
Mechanical Actuation for æActiveÆ Cell Culture Assays
Conclusions
References
MRI Compatible Device for Robotic Assisted Interventions to Prostate Cancer (Jean-Sébastien Plante, Lauren Devita, Kenjiro Tadakuma and Steven Dubowsky).
Introduction
Prostate Cancer Therapy
Elastically Averaged Parallel Manipulator Using Dielectric Elastomer Actuators
Results
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
A Braille Display System for the Visually Disabled Using a Polymer Based Soft Actuator (Hyouk Ryeol Choi, Ig Mo Koo, Kwangmok Jung, Se-gon Roh, Ja Choon Koo, Jae-do Nam and Young Kwan Lee).
Introduction
Fundamentals on Actuation Principle
Design of Tactile Display Device
Braille Display System
Advanced Applications
Conclusions
References
Dynamic Splint-Like Hand Orthosis For Finger Rehabilitation (Federico Carpi, Andrea Mannini and Danilo De Rossi).
Introduction
Passive Dynamic Hand Splints: State of the Art
Active Dynamic Hand Splints: State of the Art
Proposed Concept: Dynamic Splint Equipped with Dielectric Elastomer Actuators
Splint Mechanics
Dimensioning of the Actuators
Prototype Splint
Performances of the Prototype Splint
Future Developments
Conclusions
References
Index
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Biomedical Applications of Electroactive Polymer Actuators

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