Biomedical Materials and Diagnostic Devices
, by Tiwari, Ashutosh; Ramalingam, Murugan; Kobayashi, Hisatoshi; Turner, Anthony P. F.
- ISBN: 9781118030141 | 1118030141
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 10/9/2012
The functional materials with the most promising outlook have the ability to precisely adjust the biological phenomenon in a controlled mode. Engineering of advanced bio- materials has found striking applications in used for biomedical and diagnostic device applications, such as cell separation, stem-cell, drug delivery, hyperthermia, automated DNA extraction, gene targeting, resonance imaging, biosensors, tissue engineering and organ regeneration. The book comprises 15 chapters in four parts: Biomedical Materials; Diagnostic Devices; Drug Delivery and Therapeutics; and Tissue Engineering and Organ Regenartion.
Ashutosh Tiwari is an assistant professor of nanobioelectronics at Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, IFM-Linköping University, Sweden, as well as Editor-in-Chief of Advanced Materials Letters. He has published more than 125 articles and patents as well as authored/edited books in the field of materials science and technology.
Murugan Ramalingam is an associate professor of biomaterials and tissue engineering at the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Strasbourg (UdS), France. Concurrently, he holds an adjunct associate professorship at Tohoku University, Japan. He has authored more than 125 publications and is Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Bionanoscience and Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering.
Hisatoshi Kobayashi is group leader of Biofunctional Materials at Biomaterials Centre, National Institute for Materials Science, Japan. He has published more than 150 publications, books and patents in the field of biomaterials science and technology, as well as edited/authored three books on the advanced state-of-the-art of biomaterials.
Professor Anthony P. F. Turner is currently Head of Division, FM-Linköping University's new Centre for Biosensors and Bioelectronics. His previous thirty-five-year academic career in the United Kingdom culminated in the positions of Principal (Rector) of Cranfield University and Distinguished Professor of Biotechnology. Professor Turner has more than 600 publications and patents in the field of biosensors and biomimetic sensors and is best known for his role in the development of glucose sensors for home-use by people with diabetes. He published the first textbook on Biosensors in 1987 and is Editor-In-Chief of the principal journal in his field, Biosensors & Bioelectronics, which he cofounded in 1985.
Preface xv
Part I: Biomedical Materials
1. Application of the Collagen as Biomaterials 3
Kwangwoo Nam and Akio Kishida
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Structural Aspect of Native Tissue 5
1.2.1 Microenvironment 5
1.2.2 Decellularization 6
1.2.3 Strategy for Designing Collagen-based Biomaterials 7
1.3 Processing of Collagen Matrix 8
1.3.1 Fibrillogenesis 8
1.3.2 Orientation 10
1.3.3 Complex Formation and Blending 11
1.3.4 Layered Structure 13
1.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 14
References 15
2. Biological and Medical Significance of Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates 19
Sergey V. Dorozhkin
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 General Information on ?Nano? 21
2.3 Micron- and Submicron-Sized Calcium Orthophosphates versus the Nanodimensional Ones 23
2.4 Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates in Calcified Tissues of Mammals 26
2.4.1 Bones 26
2.4.2 Teeth 27
2.5 The Structure of the Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Apatites 28
2.6 Synthesis of the Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates 34
2.6.1 General Nanotechnological Approaches 34
2.6.2 Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Apatites 34
2.6.3 Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline TCP 43
2.6.4 Other Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates 44
2.6.5 Biomimetic Construction Using Nanodimensional Particles 46
2.7 Biomedical Applications of the Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates 47
2.7.1 Bone Repair 47
2.7.2 Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates and Bone-related Cells 51
2.7.3 Dental Applications 53
2.7.4 Other Applications 54
2.8 Other Applications of the Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates 58
2.9 Summary and Perspectives 58
2.10 Conclusions 61
Closing Remarks 62
References and Notes 62
3. Layer-by-Layer (LbL) Thin Film: From Conventional To Advanced Biomedical and Bioanalytical Applications 101
Wing Cheung MAK
3.1 State-of-the-art LbL Technology 101
3.2 Principle of Biomaterials Based Lbl Architecture 102
3.3 LbL Thin Film for Biomaterials and Biomedical Implantations 103
3.4 LbL Thin Film for Biosensors and Bioassays 105
3.5 LbL Thin Film Architecture on Colloidal Materials 107
3.6 LbL Thin Film for Drug Encapsulation and Delivery 108
3.7 LbL Thin Film Based Micro/Nanoreactor 110
References 111
4. Polycaprolactone based Nanobiomaterials 115
Narendra K. Singh and Pralay Maiti
4.1 Introduction 115
4.2 Preparation of Polycaprolactone Nanocomposites 118
4.2.1 Solution Casting Method 118
4.2.2 Melt Extrusion Technique 118
4.2.3 In Situ Polymerization 119
4.3 Characterization of Poly(caprolactone) Nanocomposites 119
4.3.1 Nanostructure 120
4.3.2 Microstructure 121
4.4 Properties 123
4.4.1 Mechanical Properties 123
4.4.2 Thermal Properties Contents vii 126
4.4.3 Biodegradation 130
4.5 Biocompatibility and Drug Delivery Application 141
4.6 Conclusion 150 Acknowledgement 150
References 150
5. Bone Substitute Materials in Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery ? Properties and Use in Clinic 157
Esther M.M. Van Lieshout
5.1 Introduction 158
5.2 Types of Bone Grafts 159
5.2.1 Autologous Transplantation 159
5.2.2 Allotransplantation and Xenotransplantation 159
5.2.3 Alternative Bone Substitute Materials for Grafting 160
5.3 Bone Substitute Materials 161
5.3.1 General Considerations 161
5.3.2 Calcium Phosphates 161
5.3.3 Calcium Sulphates 166
5.3.4 Bioactive Glass 168
5.3.5 Miscellaneous Products 169
5.3.6 Future Directions 170
5.4 Combinations with Osteogenic and Osteoinductive Materials 171
5.4.1 Osteogenic Substances 172
5.4.2 Osteoinductive Substances 173
5.5 Discussion and Conclusion 173
References 174
6. Surface Functionalized Hydrogel Nanoparticles 191
Mehrdad Hamidi, Hajar Ashrafi and Amir Azadi
6.1 Hydrogel Nanoparticles 191
6.2 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Chitosan 193
6.3 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Alginate 194
6.4 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Poly(vinyl Alcohol) 195
6.5 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Poly(ethylene Oxide) and Poly(ethyleneimine) 196
6.6 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Poly(vinyl Pyrrolidone) 198
6.7 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Poly-N-Isopropylacrylamide 198
6.8 Smart Hydrogel Nanoparticles 199
6.9 Self-assembled Hydrogel Nanoparticles 200
6.10 Surface Functionalization 201
6.11 Surface Functionalized Hydrogel Nanoparticles 205
References 209
Part II: Diagnostic Devices
7. Utility and Potential Application of Nanomaterials in Medicine 215
Ravindra P. Singh, Jeong -Woo Choi, Ashutosh Tiwari and Avinash Chand Pandey
7.1 Introduction 215
7.2 Nanoparticle Coatings 218
7.3 Cyclic Peptides 220
7.4 Dendrimers 221
7.5 Fullerenes/Carbon Nanotubes/Graphene 227
7.6 Functional Drug Carriers 229
7.7 MRI Scanning Nanoparticles 233
7.8 Nanoemulsions 235
7.9 Nanofibers 236
7.10 Nanoshells 239
7.11 Quantum Dots 240
7.12 Nanoimaging 248
7.13 Inorganic Nanoparticles 248
7.14 Conclusion 250
Acknowledgement 251
References 251
8. Gold Nanoparticle-based Electrochemical Biosensors for Medical Applications 261
Ülkü Anik
8.1 Introduction 261
8.2 Electrochemical Biosensors 262
8.2.1 Gold Nanoparticles 262
8.3 Conclusion 272
References 273
9. Impedimetric DNA Sensing Employing Nanomaterials 277
Manel del Valle and Alessandra Bonanni
9.1 Introduction 277
9.1.1 DNA Biosensors (Genosensors) 278
9.1.2 Electrochemical Genosensors 280
9.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for Genosensing 280
9.2.1 Theoretical Background 281
9.2.2 Impedimetric Genosensors 284
9.3 Nanostructured Carbon Used in Impedimetric Genosensors 286
9.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes and Nanostructured Diamond 286
9.3.2 Graphene-based Platforms 288
9.4 Nanostructured Gold Used in Impedimetric Genosensors 290
9.4.1 Gold Nanoelectrodes 291
9.4.2 Gold Nanoparticles Used as Labels 292
9.5 Quantum Dots for Impedimetric Genosensing 293
9.6 Impedimetric Genosensors for Point-of-Care Diagnosis 293
9.7 Conclusions (Past, Present and Future Perspectives) 294
Acknowledgements 296
References 296
10. Bionanocomposite Matrices in Electrochemical Biosensors 301
Ashutosh Tiwari, Atul Tiwari
10.1 Introduction 301
10.2 Fabricationof SiO2-CHIT/CNTs Bionanocomposites 303
10.3 Preparation of Bioelectrodes 304
10.4 Characterizations 305
10.5 Electrocatalytic Properties 307
10.6 Photometric Response 315
10.7 Conclusions 316
Acknowledgements 316
References 317
11. Biosilica ? Nanocomposites - Nanobiomaterials for Biomedical Engineering and Sensing Applications 321
Nikos Chaniotakis, Raluca Buiculescu
11.1 Introduction 321
11.2 Silica Polymerization Process 323
11.3 Biocatalytic Formation of Silica 325
11.4 Biosilica Nanotechnology 327
11.5 Applications 328
11.5.1 Photonic Materials 328
11.5.2 Enzyme Stabilization 328
11.5.3 Biosensor Development 330
11.5.4 Surface Modification for Medical Applications 332
11.6 Conclusions 334
References 334
12. Molecularly Imprinted Nanomaterial-based Highly Sensitive and Selective Medical Devices 337
Bhim Bali Prasad and Mahavir Prasad Tiwari
12.1 Introduction 337
12.2 Molecular Imprinted Polymer Technology 340
12.2.1 Introduction of Molecular Recognition 340
12.2.2 Molecular Imprinting Polymerization: Background 340
12.2.3 Contributions of Polyakov, Pauling and Dickey 341
12.2.4 Approaches Toward Synthesis of MIPs 342
12.2.5 Optimization of the Polymer Structure 345
12.3 Molecularly Imprinted Nanomaterials 360
12.4 Molecularly Imprinted Nanomaterial-based Sensing Devices 362
12.4.1 Electrochemical Sensors 362
12.4.2 Optical Sensors 371
12.4.3 Mass Sensitive Devices 374
12.5 Conclusion 379
References 379
13. Immunosensors for Diagnosis of Cardiac Injury 391
Swapneel R. Deshpande, Aswathi Anto Antony, Ashutosh Tiwari, Emilia Wiechec, Ulf Dahlström, Anthony P.F. Turner
13.1 Immunosensor 391
13.2 Myocardial Infarction and Cardiac Biomarkers 392
13.2.1 Myocardial Infarction 392
13.2.2 Cardiac Biomarkers 393
13.2.3 Immunoglobulins/Antibodies 394
13.2.4 Immunoassay 397
13.2.5 Enzyme Immunoassay for the Quantitative Determination of Cardiac Troponin I(CTNI) Marker 398
13.3 Immunosensors for Troponin 399
13.3.1 Optical Immunosensors for Detection of Cardiac Troponin 399
13.3.2 Electrochemical Immunosensors 403
13.4 Conclusions 404
Acknowledgements 405
References 406
Part III: Drug Delivery and Therapeutics
14. Ground-Breaking Changes in Mimetic and Novel Nanostructured Composites for Intelligent-, Adaptive- and In vivo-responsive Drug Delivery Therapies 411
Dipak K. Sarker
14. 1 Introduction 411
14.1.1 Diseases of Major Importance in Society 416
14.1.2 Types of Cancers and Diseases Requiring Specific Dosage Delivery 419
14.2 Obstacles to the Clinician 420
14.3 Hurdles for the Pharmaceuticist 428
14.4 Nanostructures 431
14.4.1 Key Current Know-how 434
14.5 Surface Coating 435
14.7 Formulation Conditions and Parameters 439
14.8 Delivery Systems 440
14.8.1 State-of-the-Art Technological Innovation 442
14.9 Evaluation 443
14.9.1 Future Scientific Direction 445
14.10 Conclusions 447
References 448
15. Progress of Nanobiomaterials for Theranostic Systems 451
Dipendra Gyawali, Michael Palmer, Richard T. Tran and Jian Yang
15.1 Introduction 451
15.1.1 Nanomaterials and Nanomedicine 451
15.1.2 Drug Delivery, Imaging, and Targeting 453
15.1.3 Theranostic Nanomedicine 454
15.2 Design Concerns for Theranostic Nanosystems 456
15.2.1 Sizeand Stability 456
15.2.2 Surface Area and Chemistry 457
15.2.3 Drug Loading and Release 457
15.2.4 Imaging 458
15.2.5 Targeting 458
15.3 Designing a Smart and Functional Theranostic System 459
15.3.1 Tailoring Size and Shape of the Particles 459
15.3.2 Degradation and Drug Release Kinetics 460
15.3.3 Surface Properties and Placement of Targeting Molecules 461
15.4 Materials for Theranostic System 462
15.4.1 Polymeric Systems 462
15.4.2 Diagnostic and Imaging Materials 465
15.5 Theranostic Systems and Applications 474
15.5.1 Polymeric Nanoparticle-based Theranostic System 474
15.5.2 QD-based Theranostic System 475
15.5.3 Colloidal Gold-particle-based Theranostic System 478
15.5.4 Iron-oxide-based Theranostic Systems 479
15.6 Future Outlook 481
References 482
16. Intelligent Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy 493
Mousa Jafari, Bahram Zargar, M. Soltani, D. Nedra Karunaratne, Brian Ingalls, P. Chen
16.1 Introduction 493
16.2 Peptides for Nucleic Acid and Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy 494
16.2.1 Self-assembling Peptides as Carriers for
16.2.2 Different Classes of Peptides Used in Gene Delivery 495
16.2.3 Protein-derived and Designed CPPs 497
16.2.4 Cell Targeting Peptides 498
16.2.5 Nuclear Localization Peptides 499
16.3 Lipid Carriers 499
16.3.1 Liposomes 499
16.3.2 Modified Liposomes 500
16.3.3 Targeted Lipid Carriers 501
16.3.4 Bolaamphiphiles 503
16.3.5 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) 504
16.3.6 MixedSystems 505
16.4 Polymeric Carriers 506
16.4.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles 508
16.4.2 Dendrimers 508
16.4.3 Polymer-Protein/Aptamer Conjugates 509
16.4.4 Polymer-Drug Conjugates 510
16.4.5 NoncovalentDrug Conjugates 510
16.4.6 Cationic Polymers 511
16.4.7 Polymers for Triggered Drug Release 511
16.4.8 Polymerosomes 512
16.4.9 Other Applications 513
16.5 Bactria Mediated Cancer Therapy 514
16.5.1 The Tumor Microenvironment 514
16.5.2 Salmonella-mediated Cancer Therapy 515
16.5.3 Clostridium-mediated Cancer Therapy 517
16.6 Conclusion 519
References 519
Part IV: Tissue Engineering and Organ Regeneration 531
17. The Evolution of Abdominal Wall Reconstruction and the Role of Nonobiotecnology in the Development of Intelligent Abdominal Wall Mesh 533
Cherif Boutros, Hany F. Sobhi and Nader Hanna
17.1 The Complex Structure of the Abdominal Wall 534
17.2 Need for Abdominal Wall Reconstruction 535
17.3 Failure of Primary Repair 535
17.4 Limitations of the Synthetic Meshes 536
17.5 Introduction of Biomaterials To Overcome Synthetic Mesh Limitations 537
17.6 Ideal Material for Abdominal Wall Reconstruction 538
17.7 Role of Bionanotechnology in Providing the
17.7 Future Directions 542
References 542
18. Poly(Polyol Sebacate)-based Elastomeric Nanobiomaterials for Soft Tissue Engineering 545
Qizhi Chen
18.1 Introduction 545
18.2 Poly(polyol sebacate) Elastomers 547
18.2.1 Synthesis and Processing of Poly(polyol sebacate) 547
18.2.2 Biocompatibility of PPS 549
18.2.3 Biodegradation of PPS 554
18.2.4 Mechanical Properties of PPS 558
18.2.6 Poly(polyol sebacate)-based Copolymers 560
18.2.7 Summary of PPS 562
18.3 Elastomeric Nanocomposites 562
18.3.1 Introduction to Elastomeric Nanocomposites 562
18.3.2 Thermoplastic Rubber-based Nanocomposites 563
18.3.3 Crosslinked Elastomer-based Nanocomposites 565
18.4 Summary 569
References 571
19. Electrospun Nanomatrix for Tissue Regeneration 577
Debasish Mondal and Ashutosh Tiwari
19.1 Introduction 577
19.2 Electrosun Nanomatrix 578
19.3 Polymeric Nanomatrices for Tissue Engineering 580
19.3.1 Natural Polymers 580
19.3.2 Synthetic Polymers 581
19.4 Biocompatibility of the Nanomatrix 581
19.5 Electrospun Nanomatrices for Tissue Engineering 583
19.5.1 Bone Tissue Engineering 584
19.5.2 Cartilage Tissue Engineering 585
19.5.3 Ligament Tissue Engineering 586
19.5.4 Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering 587
19.5.5 Skin Tissue Engineering 587
19.5.6 Vascular Tissue Engineering 589
19.5.7 Nerve Tissue Engineering 591
19.6 Status and Prognosis 592
References 593
20. Conducting Polymer Composites for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds 597
Yashpal Sharma, Ashutosh Tiwari and Hisatoshi Kobayashi
20.1 Introduction 598
20.3 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers 599
20.4 Application of Conducting Polymer in Tissue Engineering 600
20.5 Polypyrrole 600
20.6 Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) 602
20.7 Polyaniline 603
20.8 Carbon Nanotube 605
20.9 Future Prospects and Conclusions 607
Acknowledgements 608
References 608
21. Cell Patterning Technologies for Tissue Engineering 611
Azadeh Seidi and Murugan Ramalingam
21.1 Introduction 611
21.2 Patterned Co-culture Techniques 612
21.2.1 Substrate Patterning with ECM Components 613
21.2.2 Microfluidic-based Patterning 614
21.2.3 Switchable Surface-based Patterning 615
21.2.4 Mechanical and Stencil-based Patterning 615
21.2.5 3D Patterned Co-cultures 617
21.3 Applications of Co-cultures in Tissue Engineering 618
21.4 Concluding Remarks 619
Acknowledgements 619
References 620
Index 000
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