Biomedical Nanomaterials

The book discusses in a detailed manner various nanomaterials used for biomedical applications, including clinical applications, diagnosis and tissue engineering. After the presentation of an overview of biomedical nanomaterials, including their classification and applications, the first part of the book is devoted to biomedical nanomaterials for therapy applications. For example, polymer micelles, dendrimers, polymer-drug conjugates as well as antibody-drug conjugates are discussed with respect to their cancer drug delivery properties. The next parts discuss biomedical nanomaterials that are used for imaging, diagnosis and sensors, as well as for tissue engineering. In the final section, the safety of biomedical nanomaterials is elaborated.

List of Contributors XV

1 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of Bionanomaterials 1
Ergang Liu, Meng Zhang, and Yongzhuo Huang

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Commonly Utilized NMs in Pharmaceutical Research 2

1.3 In vivo Biodistribution and the Evolving Targeting Principles for NMs 6

1.4 Processing NMs by the Biological Systems 9

1.5 Rational Design of Long-Circulating NMs 13

1.6 Mathematic Simulation of NM-Mediated Cancer Drug Delivery 15

1.7 Experimental PK Data of the Applied NMs 25

1.8 Perspectives 50

References 50

2 Targeted Dendrimers for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy 61
Jingjing Hu, Ke Hu, and Yiyun Cheng

2.1 Introduction 61

2.2 Targeted Dendrimers for Cancer Therapy 63

2.3 Targeted Dendrimers for Cancer Diagnosis 73

2.4 Conclusions 77

References 78

3 Polymeric Micelles for Drug Delivery 87
Wei Wu and Xiqun Jiang

3.1 Introduction 87

3.2 Amphiphilic Copolymers for Micelle Preparation 88

3.3 Stability of Polymeric Micelles 91

3.4 Drug Incorporation of Polymeric Micelles 92

3.5 Functionalization of Polymeric Micelles 93

3.6 Conclusions 93

References 94

4 Polymeric Micelle-Based Nanomedicine 99
Bin He

4.1 Introduction to Chemotherapy 99

4.2 Polymeric Micelle-Based Nanomedicine 100

4.3 Perspective 109

References 110

5 Microfluidics Applications in Cancer Drug Delivery 117
Hao Zhang and Youqing Shen

5.1 Introduction 117

5.2 Basic Principles of Micellar Drug Carriers and Microfluidics 118

5.3 Microfluidic Fabrication of Polymer Micelles 121

5.4 On-Chip Characterization of Micelle Formation 128

5.5 Microfluidic Replications of Physiological Barriers During Delivery of Drug to Tumor 133

5.6 Conclusion and Implications for Future Research 141

Acknowledgment 141

References 142

6 Antibody–Drug Conjugates 149
Xinyu Liu andWeiping Gao

6.1 Introduction 149

6.2 History of ADCs 151

6.3 Components of ADCs 155

6.4 Future Directions 167

References 170

7 Nano-Photosensitizer for Imaging-Guided Tumor Phototherapy 177
Zonghai Sheng,Mingbin Zheng, and Lintao Cai

7.1 Introduction for Tumor Phototherapy 177

7.2 Functionalized Nano-Photosensitizer for Tumor Targeting 178

7.3 Nano-photosensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy 182

7.4 Nano-Photosensitizer for PhotothermalTherapy 184

7.5 Nano-Photosensitizer for Combination Therapy 191

7.6 Perspective and Application 197

References 200

8 Quantum Dots for Cancer Diagnosis 207
Min Fang, Dai-Wen Pang, and Yan Li

8.1 Introduction 207

8.2 Detection of Solid Tumor Based on QDs 209

8.3 SLN Mapping 215

8.4 Detection of Tumor-Associated Proteins in Blood 216

8.5 Detection of CTCs 217

8.6 Tumor Microenvironment for Invasion and Metastasis 217

8.7 Challenges of QDs into Clinical Practice Application 220

8.8 Summary 221

References 221

9 Luminescent Gold Nanoclusters for Biomedical Diagnosis 227
Hui Jiang and Xuemei Wang

9.1 Gold Nanostructures in Biomedical Diagnosis 227

9.2 Luminescent Au NCs for Biosensing 227

9.3 Au NCs for Cell Imaging 231

9.4 Au NCs for In Vivo Imaging 241

9.5 Perspectives 245

References 247

10 Nanographene in Biomedical Applications 251
Kai Yang and Zhuang Liu

10.1 Introduction 251

10.2 Nanographene for Drug Delivery 251

10.3 Nanographene for Gene Delivery 253

10.4 Graphene-Based Nanocomposite for Drug Delivery 255

10.5 Nanographene for Phototherapies of Cancer 259

10.6 Graphene and its Nanocomposites for Biomedical Imaging and Imaging-GuidedTherapy 263

10.7 Toxicity of Nanographene 268

10.8 Prospects and Challenges 276

References 278

11 Molecular Imprinting Technique for Biomimetic Sensing and Diagnostics 283
Huiqi Zhang, Man Zhao, and Yaqiong Yang

11.1 Introduction 283

11.2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) 283

11.3 MIPs for Biomimetic Sensing and Diagnostics 286

11.4 Conclusions and Outlook 309

Acknowledgments 311

References 311

12 Magnetic Nanostructures for MRI-Based Cancer Detection 327
Yanglong Hou and Jing Yu

12.1 Introduction 327

12.2 Chemical Synthesis of Magnetic Nanostructures 328

12.3 Magnetic Nanostructures for MRI-Based Cancer Detection 344

12.4 Conclusions and Perspective 354

Acknowledgments 355

References 355

13 Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Bioapplications and Potential Toxicity 361
Hongying Su, Yun Zeng, Chengchao Chu, and Gang Liu

13.1 Introduction 361

13.2 Bioapplications of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 362

13.3 Potential Toxicity of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 369

13.4 Surface Engineering for Bioapplications 377

13.5 Conclusion 379

Acknowledgments 379

References 379

14 Nanostructured Hydrogels for Diabetic Management 387
Ying Guan and Yongjun Zhang

14.1 Introduction 387

14.2 Nanostructured Hydrogels for Insulin Releasing 388

14.3 Nanostructured Hydrogels for Glucose Sensing 396

14.4 Nanostructured Hydrogels in Artificial Pancreas 403

14.5 Conclusions and Outlook 411

References 412

15 Inorganic Nanomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering 421
Yongxiang Luo, Chengtie Wu, and Jiang Chang

15.1 Introduction 421

15.2 Calcium Phosphate Nanomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering 422

15.3 CaP Blocks and Scaffolds with Surface Nanostructure 427

15.4 Mesoporous Bioactive Glasses for Bone Tissue Engineering 430

15.5 Conclusions 431

Acknowledgments 432

References 432

16 Nanotechnology in Coronary Artery Stent Coating 437
Tao Liu and Junying Chen

16.1 Introduction 437

16.2 Biodegradable Polymer Coating 438

16.3 Nanocomposite Stent Coating 440

16.4 Nanostructure in Stent Coating 443

16.5 Bioactive Nanocoating 449

16.6 Summary and Future Outlook 453

References 455

Index 465

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