Biomimetic, Bioresponsive, and Bioactive Materials An Introduction to Integrating Materials with Tissues

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ISBN: 9780470056714 | 0470056711
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 4/10/2012

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This comprehensive introduction to biomaterials discusses how materials are selected, designed, and modified for integration with living tissue. Biomaterials have applications in tissue engineering, medical devices, orthopedics, and other areas. This guide examines the physico-chemical properties of widely used biomaterials and cites examples of their uses in different clinical applications. Topics covered include soft and hard tissue replacement; biointeractive metals, polymers, and ceramics; and in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo biocompatibility tests and clinical trials. This text is for students as well as professionals new to the field.

Preface	p. xi
Contributors	p. xiii
History of Biomimetic, Bioactive, And Bioresponsive Biomaterials	p. 1
The First Generation of Biomaterials: The Search for ôThe Bioinertö	p. 1
Bioinert: Myth, Reality, or Utopia?	p. 4
The Second Generation of Biomaterials: Biomimetic, Bioresponsive, Bioactive	p. 5
Hydroxyapatite (HA) and Bioglass®: Cell Adhesion and Stimulation	p. 6
Collagen, Fibrin Glue, and Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels: Presenting the ECM	p. 6
Chitosan and Alginate: Replacing the ECM	p. 9
Poly(Lactic/Glycolic) Acid Copolymers: Encouraging Tissue Remodeling by Safe Biodegradation	p. 10
Porous Metals: Favoring Mechanical Integration	p. 11
The Third-Generation Biomaterials: Biomimicking Natural Bioactive and Bioresponsive Processes	p. 13
Principal Phases of Tissue Regeneration	p. 14
Cell Adhesion: The Cornerstone of Tissue Regeneration	p. 16
Mechanisms of Tissue Mineralization	p. 19
Principles of Biomimesis and Bioactivity	p. 21
Biomimicking of the ECM	p. 22
Biomimicking of Cell Membrane Components	p. 24
Biomimicking Cell Signaling Pathways	p. 24
Modulation of the Growth Factor Signaling by Gene Expression: Bioactive Gene Delivery Systems	p. 25
Bioactive Biomaterials from Different Natural Sources	p. 26
Silk Fibroin	p. 26
Soybean-Based Biomaterials	p. 27
Scope of This Book	p. 29
References	p. 30
Soft Tissue Structure And Functionality	p. 35
Overview	p. 35
Epithelial Tissue	p. 36
Background	p. 36
The Skin	p. 37
Structure and Functionality	p. 37
Repair, Healing, and Renewal	p. 42
Muscle Tissue	p. 46
Background	p. 46
Skeletal Muscle	p. 48
Structure and Functionality	p. 48
Repair, Healing, and Renewal	p. 50
Smooth Muscle	p. 51
Structure and Functionality	p. 51
Repair, Healing, and Renewal	p. 52
Cardiac Muscle	p. 54
Structure and Functionality	p. 54
Repair, Healing, and Renewal	p. 55
Connective Tissue	p. 56
Background	p. 56
Embryonic Connective Tissue	p. 57
Connective Tissue Proper	p. 58
Cells of the Connective Tissue Proper	p. 59
Connective Tissue Proper Fibers	p. 60
Ground Substance	p. 63
Specialized Connective Tissues	p. 64
Structure and Function	p. 64
Repair, Healing, and Renewal of Hyaline Cartilage	p. 66
The Foreign Body Response	p. 68
Exercises/Questions for Chapter 2	p. 76
References	p. 76
Hard Tissue Structure and Functionality	p. 81
Definition of Hard Tissues	p. 81
Articular Cartilage	p. 81
Structure of the Articular Cartilage	p. 82
Specific Mechanism Repair of the Articular Cartilage	p. 83
Bone Tissue	p. 84
The Structure of the Bony Tissues	p. 85
The Functions of Bone Tissue	p. 86
Cell Types Involved in Bone Homeostasis: The Osteoblasts and the Osteoclasts	p. 88
Ossification, Turnover, and Remodeling	p. 89
Bone Composite Structure and Its Effect on Mechanical Performance	p. 91
Concluding Remarks	p. 92
Exercises/Questions for Chapter 3	p. 92
References	p. 93
Biomedical Applications of Biomimetic Polymers The Phosphorylcholine-Containing Polymers	p. 95
Historical Perspective	p. 95
Synthesis of PC-Containing Polymers	p. 97
Physicochemical Properties of PC-Containing Polymers	p. 98
Antifouling Mechanisms of Action	p. 98
Swelling Phenomena and Structural Aspects of PC Coatings	p. 100
Stability and Mechanical Property Considerations	p. 102
PC Coatings and Surface Treatments	p. 102
Bulk Hydrogels and Blends	p. 104
Biological Compatibility	p. 105
Interactions with Proteins, Eukaryotic Cells, and Bacteria	p. 105
Interaction with Other Tissues	p. 107
Applications of PC Polymers	p. 107
Cardiovascular Applications	p. 107
PC-Coated Coronary Stents	p. 108
Vascular Grafts	p. 108
Extracorporeal Circuits	p. 109
Ophthalmic Applications	p. 110
Intraocular Lenses	p. 110
Contact Lenses	p. 111
Other Ocular Devices	p. 112
Anti-Infective Applications	p. 112
Urological Devices	p. 112
Tympanostomy Tubes	p. 112
Orthopedic Applications	p. 113
Biosensors and Diagnostics	p. 113
Separation Systems	p. 115
PC Polymers for Drug Delivery	p. 116
Drug Delivery Coatings	p. 116
Gel-Based Drug Delivery Systems	p. 119
Nano/Micro Particulate Drug and Gene Delivery	p. 119
Drug Conjugates	p. 122
Emerging Applications	p. 122
Summary	p. 123
Exercises/Questions for Chapter 4	p. 124
References	p. 125
Biomimetic, Bioresponsive, And Bioactive Materials Integrating Materials With Tissue	p. 141
Introduction	p. 141
Mandatory Requirements for Metals as Implantable Materials	p. 142
Stiffness	p. 142
Strength	p. 143
Corrosion Resistance	p. 144
General Corrosion	p. 144
Crevice Corrosion	p. 145
Fretting Corrosion	p. 145
Galvanic Corrosion	p. 145
Biocompatibility of Metals	p. 145
ISO Standardized Metal Family	p. 146
Stainless Steels	p. 146
Cobalt Alloys	p. 148
Titanium and Titanium Alloys	p. 149
Surface Treatments of Metals for Biomedical Applications	p. 150
Cathodic Deposition Treatments	p. 152
Anodic Oxidation	p. 152
Exercises/Questions for Chapter 5	p. 157
References	p. 157
Ceramics	p. 161
Historical Perspective	p. 161
Biostable Ceramics	p. 162
Alumina	p. 163
Zirconia	p. 164
Bioactive and Resorbable Ceramics	p. 165
Basic Concepts	p. 165
Glasses and Glass-Ceramics	p. 166
Physicochemical Properties of Bioactive Glasses	p. 167
Silicate-Based Glasses	p. 168
Phosphate-Based Glasses	p. 170
Processing of Glass and Glass-Ceramics	p. 170
Calcium Phosphates	p. 172
Physicochemistry of Calcium Phosphates	p. 172
Processing of Calcium Orthophosphates	p. 175
New Trends in Bioactive and Resorbable Materials Integration	p. 178
Exercises/Questions for Chapter 6	p. 183
References	p. 184
Biofunctional Biomaterials of The Future	p. 191
Clinically Led Next Generation Biomaterials	p. 191
Wound Dressings and Dermal Substitutes	p. 192
Vascular Grafts and Cardiovascular Stents	p. 193
Joint Implants and Cartilage Tissue Engineering	p. 194
Bone Fillers	p. 195
Nerve Guides	p. 195
Ophthalmologic Devices	p. 195
Biomacromolecule-Inspired Biomaterials	p. 196
Artificial Laminin	p. 196
Artificial Elastin	p. 197
Artificial Collagen	p. 197
GAG- and PGN-Mimicking Biomaterials	p. 197
Nanostructured Biomimetic, Bioresponsive, and Bioactive Biomaterials	p. 198
Nanofabrication of Biomaterials	p. 198
2D Techniques	p. 199
3D Techniques	p. 199
Polymeric Dendrimers	p. 200
Self-Assembling Peptides	p. 201
Conclusions	p. 202
Exercises/Questions for Chapter 7	p. 203
References	p. 203
Index	p. 207
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Biomimetic, Bioresponsive, and Bioactive Materials An Introduction to Integrating Materials with Tissues

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Biomimetic, Bioresponsive, and Bioactive Materials An Introduction to Integrating Materials with Tissues

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Table of Contents

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