Bioterrorism and Food Safety

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ISBN: 9780849327872 | 0849327873
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/28/2004

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Written by specialists in the fields of food bioterrorism and industry preparedness, Bioterrorism and Food Safety focuses on developing rational and implementable food security strategies. The book examines the risks associated with the intentional contamination of food. It provides implementation strategies to reduce food security risks and discusses the underlying legal issues tied to product liability and regulatory compliance. The text includes current hazards, provisions of the Bioterrorism Act, guidance documents from the FDA and USDA, and more. Risk management models are presented and workable strategies for addressing food safety risks are developed through case studies.

Foods and the Bioterrorist Threat

(40)

What Is Food Terrorism?

(1)

Where Does the Threat Come From?

(21)

Terrorist Strategies and Tactics

(1)

Property Destruction: Arson and Vandalism

(3)

Extortion

(1)

Ecotage, Environmental Extortion, and Fraud

(3)

Information Warfare

(7)

Terrorist Motivation

(1)

New Laws Tied to Food Terrorism

(1)

Anti-Terrorism Laws

(1)

Contaminating Food

(7)

References

(2)

Notes

(8)

Potential Biological and Toxic Chemical Agents

(44)

Biological Agents

(15)

Specific Diagnosis Issues with Biological Agents

(1)

Reporting

(3)

Illness Investigations

(1)

Organizational Readiness: Generally

(1)

Chemical Agents

(3)

Biological Toxins

(9)

Blood Agents

(1)

Nerve Agents

(1)

Blister or Vesicant Agents

(1)

Urticant or Nettle Agents

(1)

Choking Agents

(1)

Toxic Metals

(2)

Pesticides

(1)

Sanitizers

(1)

Managing Exposure to an Unknown Chemical

(1)

References

(2)

Notes

(2)

Bioterrorism Regulations and Their Impact on the Safety of the Food Supply and Trade

(48)

Registration (Section 305 of the Act;12 Interim Final Rule, 21 CFR Part 1, Section 1.225 et seq.; 68 FR 58893-58974)

(5)

Records and Record Retention23 (Section 306 of the Act; Proposed Regulations, 21 CFR Part 1, Section 1.326 et seq.)

(5)

Prior Notice for Imported Food (Section 307 of the Act;33 Pending 21 CFR Part 1, Section 1276 et seq.; Interim Final Rule, 68 FR 58975-59007)

(4)

Administrative Detention50 (21 CFR Part 1, Section 1.377 et seq., Parts 10, 16; 69 FR 31702-31705)

103

(2)

Marking Articles (Section 308 of the Act59)

105

(1)

Permissive Debarment (Section 304 of the Act64)

106

(3)

References

109

(1)

Notes

110

(23)

Effective Food Security Strategies and Plans for Production Agriculture and Food Processing

133

(68)

Introduction

133

(9)

Awareness and Warning

136

(1)

Intelligence Operations and Analysis Capabilities

137

(1)

Mitigation Strategies

137

(1)

Response Planning and Product Recovery

138

(4)

The Impact of Small Strategic Attacks

142

(4)

Examples of Targets

146

(1)

Current Level of Readiness

147

(2)

Current Government Programs

149

(5)

Terrorism Insurance

154

(1)

Prevention Is the First Line of Defense

155

(1)

Development of a Food Security Plan Based upon HACCP Principles

156

(5)

Governmental Emergency Response Systems

161

(2)

Evaluating Security Risks and Identifying Hazards

163

(2)

Managing the Risk: Preventive Measures

165

(1)

Suggested Steps for Developing a Security Plan

165

(2)

Security Strategies

167

(1)

Surveying a Site

167

(1)

Specific Suggestions

167

(1)

Farming Operations: Agricultural Production and Harvesting

167

(2)

Manufacturing or Food Preparation Operations

169

(1)

Facilities Configuration

170

(1)

Facilities Access

171

(1)

The Water and Air Supplies

171

(1)

Suppliers: Letters of Guarantee

172

(1)

Distribution and Transit

172

(1)

Wholesale and Retail Distribution

173

(1)

Employee Screening

174

(1)

Contractor Screening

175

(1)

Personal Items

176

(1)

Compartmentalizing Job Functions

176

(1)

Visitors and Inspectors

176

(1)

Keys and Access Cards

177

(1)

Parking

177

(1)

Employee Vigilance and Employee Training

177

(1)

Security Checks

178

(2)

Data Security

178

(1)

Mail Handling Procedures

179

(1)

Emergency Evacuation Plans

180

(1)

Research and Quality Control Labs

180

(1)

Costs of Implementation

181

(1)

Civil Liberties

182

(2)

Government Response

184

(1)

References

185

(2)

An Example

Production and Retail Distribution of Frozen Pacific Cod Fillets

187

(4)

Production of Frozen Fish Fillets --- Hazard Analysis Worksheet

191

(2)

Food Security Plan Form

193

(5)

Notes

198

(3)

Security Improvements by Tracking Food

201

(22)

Government Strategies

203

(4)

Traceability Systems Overall

207

(2)

Tamper-Evident Package Features

209

(3)

Optically Active Packaging Features

212

(1)

Taggants

212

(1)

Physical Tagging Systems

212

(3)

Bar Codes and Microtext

215

(1)

Electronic Tags and Smart Labels

215

(1)

Radio Frequency Identification Devices

216

(1)

Information Management Systems

217

(1)

International Standards

218

(1)

References

219

(1)

Notes

220

(3)

Appendix A --- Food Safety and Security: Operational Risk Management Systems Approach

223

(26)

Appendix B --- FSIS Safety and Security Guidelines for the Transportation and Distribution of Meat, Poultry, and Egg Products

249

(22)

General Guidance

251

(1)

Transportation Safety Plan

252

(1)

Storage Food Safety System

253

(1)

Vehicles Used to Transport Meat, Poultry, and Egg Products

253

(1)

Pre-Loading

254

(1)

255

(2)

In-Transit

257

(1)

Unloading

257

(1)

General Guidance

258

(1)

Security Plan

259

(2)

Assess Vulnerabilities

259

(1)

Develop and Implement Procedures

259

(1)

Emergency Operations

260

(1)

Train and Test

260

(1)

Screen and Educate Employees

261

(1)

Secure the Facility

261

(2)

Access

261

(1)

Shipping/Receiving

262

(1)

Facility

263

(1)

Monitor Operations

263

(2)

Employees

263

(1)

Shipping/Receiving

263

(1)

Storage/Water

264

(1)

Respond

265

(1)

Additional Guidance for Specific Modes of Transportation

265

(6)

General Guidance for All Modes

266

(1)

Aviation

266

(1)

Truck

267

(1)

Maritime

268

(1)

Rail

269

(2)

Appendix C --- FSIS Security Guidelines for Food Processors

271

(8)

Food Security Plan Management

272

(1)

Outside Security

273

(1)

Inside Security

274

(1)

General Inside Security

274

(1)

Slaughter and Processing Security

274

(1)

Storage Security

275

(1)

Shipping and Receiving Security

275

(1)

Water and Ice Supply Security

276

(1)

Mail Handling Security

276

(1)

Personnel Security

277

(2)

Appendix D --- Emergency Preparedness Competencies (Annotated)

279

(6)

Public Health Professionals

279

(4)

Suggestions for Improving Food Security

283

(2)

Appendix E --- Terrorist Threats to Food --- Guidelines for Establishing and Strengthening Prevention and Response Systems

285

(2)

Executive Summary

285

(2)

Appendix F --- The Public Health Response to Biological and Chemical Terrorism

287

(6)

Ten Essential Services for Public Health

287

(1)

Key Elements of a Public Health Preparedness Program

288

(1)

Key Preparedness Elements

289

(1)

Enhanced Collaboration among Public Health Partners

289

(1)

Surveillance Partners

289

(1)

Epidemiologic Clues that May Signal a Covert Bioterrorism Attack

290

(3)

Appendix G --- Retail Food Stores and Food Service Establishments: Food Security Preventive Measures Guidance

293

(14)

Draft Guidance

293

(3)

Purpose and Scope

293

(1)

Limitations

294

(1)

Structure

294

(1)

Related Guidance

294

(1)

Additional Resources

294

(2)

Retail Food Store and Food Service Establishment Operations

296

(9)

Management

296

(1)

Human Element --- Staff

297

(1)

Human Element --- Public

297

(1)

Facility

297

(1)

Operations

297

(8)

Emergency Point of Contact

305

(2)

Appendix H --- Food Producers, Processors, and Transporters: Food Security Preventive Measures Guidance

307

(14)

Purpose and Scope

307

(1)

Limitations

308

(1)

Structure

308

(1)

Related Guidance

308

(1)

Additional Resources

308

(2)

Food Establishment Operations

310

(9)

Management

310

(1)

Human Element --- Staff

310

(4)

Human Element --- Public

314

(1)

Facility

314

(2)

Operations

316

(3)

Emergency Point of Contact

319

(2)

Appendix I --- Importers and Filers: Food Security Preventive Measures Guidance

321

(14)

Purpose and Scope

321

(1)

Limitations

322

(1)

Structure

322

(1)

Related Guidance

322

(1)

Additional Resources

322

(1)

Food Importing Operations

323

(10)

Management

323

(2)

Human Element --- Staff

325

(3)

Human Element --- Public

328

(1)

Facility

328

(2)

Operations

330

(3)

Emergency Point of Contact

333

(2)

Appendix J --- Cosmetics Processors and Transporters: Cosmetics Security Preventive Measures Guidance

335

(14)

Draft Guidance

335

(2)

Purpose and Scope

335

(1)

Limitations

336

(1)

Structure

336

(1)

Related Guidance

336

(1)

Additional Resources

336

(1)

Cosmetics Establishment Operations

337

(10)

Management

337

(2)

Human Element --- Staff

339

(2)

Human Element --- The Public

341

(1)

Facility

342

(2)

Operations

344

(3)

Emergency Point of Contact

347

(2)

Appendix K --- Traceability in the U.S. Food Supply: Economic Theory and Industry Studies

349

(50)

Introduction and Methodology

351

(2)

Efficient Traceability Systems Vary

353

(9)

Industry Studies: Private Sector Traceability Systems Balance Private Costs and Benefits

362

(28)

Fresh Produce

362

(10)

Grain and Oilseeds

372

(5)

Cattle and Beef

377

(8)

Market Failure in the Supply of Traceability: Industry and Government Response

385

(5)

Conclusions

390

(2)

Appendix: Select Milestones in U.S. Traceability Requirements for Foods

392

(4)

References

396

(3)

Index

399

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Bioterrorism and Food Safety

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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