Black Faces, Black Interests The

Presented here in an enlarged edition, Black Faces, Black Interests uses through analysis of both black and white members of Congress to challenge the notion that only African Americans can represent black interests effectively and argues for black and white representatives to form coalitions to better serve their constituents.

Carol M. Swain is Professor of Political Science and Law at Vanderbilt University. Dr. Swain's most recent books include The New White Nationalism in America: Its Challenge to Integration (Cambridge University Press, 2002), which was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, and its edited companion Contemporary Voices of White Nationalism (Cambridge University Press, 2003)

Preface

ix

I THE CONTEXT

The Representation of Black Interests in Congress

3

(17)

What Is Representation?

5

(1)

What Are Black Interests?

5

(8)

Who Supports the Interests of Blacks on Capitol Hill?

13

(7)

Tracing the Footsteps of Blacks on the Hill

20

(27)

The Reconstruction Era

21

(8)

The Twentieth Century

29

(18)

II BLACK REPRESENTATIVES

Black Representatives of Historically Black Districts

47

(27)

The Thirteenth District of Michigan: George Crockett

49

(10)

The Second District of Pennsylvania: William Gray III

59

(13)

Historically Black Districts and Electoral Security

72

(2)

Black Representatives of Newly Black Districts

74

(24)

The Second District of Mississippi: Mike Espy

75

(14)

The Fifth District of Georgia: John Lewis

89

(8)

Newly Black Districts and the Need for Biracial Coalitions

97

(1)

Black Representatives of Heterogeneous Districts

98

(18)

The Thirty-First District of California: Mervyn Dymally

99

(9)

The Sixth District of New York: Floyd Flake

108

(7)

What Are the Constraints of Heterogeneous Districts?

115

(1)

Black Representatives of Majority-White Districts

116

(29)

The Fifth District of Missouri: Alan Wheat

116

(11)

The First District of Indiana: Katie Hall

127

(6)

The Eighth District of California: Ron Dellums

133

(7)

The Potential for Electing More Black Representatives in White Districts

140

(5)

III WHITE REPRESENTATIVES

White Representatives of Minority-Black Districts

145

(25)

The Sixth District of South Carolina: Robin Tallon

147

(12)

The Second District of North Carolina: Tim Valentine

159

(9)

A Delicate Balancing Act: Southern White Representation of African Americans

168

(2)

White Representatives of Majority-Black Districts

170

(23)

The Second District of Louisiana: Lindy (Corinne) Boggs

171

(8)

The Tenth District of New Jersey: Peter Rodino, Jr.

179

(9)

An Extinct Group

188

(5)

IV IMPLICATIONS

Strategies for Increasing Black Representation of Blacks

193

(14)

Factors Influencing Black Political Gains in Congress

193

(4)

Racial Gerrymandering

197

(3)

Why Question the Strategy?

200

(5)

Black Representation and the Republican Party

205

(2)

The Future of Black Congressional Representation

207

(19)

Preconditions of Increased Black Representation

207

(10)

The Special Characteristics of Black Representatives

217

(5)

What Lies Ahead?

222

(4)

Black Congressional Representation since 1992

226

(19)

Race-Conscious Redistricting and the Republican Sweep

228

(6)

The Republican Agenda and the Congressional Black Caucus

234

(4)

Minority Representation and the U.S. Supreme Court

238

(3)

African Americans Today

241

(4)

Appendix A. Research Methods

245

(5)

Appendix B. Compaign Finance, 1980-1990

250

(2)

Appendix C. Legislative Records of All Black Representatives, 100th Congress

252

(3)

Notes

255

(32)

Index

287

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Black Faces, Black Interests The Representation of African Americans in Congress

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials