Building Performance Analysis

Explores and brings together the existent body of knowledge on building performance analysis

Shortlisted in the CIBSE 2020 Building Performance Awards

Building performance is an important yet surprisingly complex concept. This book presents a comprehensive and systematic overview of the subject. It provides a working definition of building performance, and an in-depth discussion of the role building performance plays throughout the building life cycle. The book also explores the perspectives of various stakeholders, the functions of buildings, performance requirements, performance quantification (both predicted and measured), criteria for success, and the challenges of using performance analysis in practice.

Building Performance Analysis starts by introducing the subject of building performance: its key terms, definitions, history, and challenges. It then develops a theoretical foundation for the subject, explores the complexity of performance assessment, and the way that performance analysis impacts on actual buildings. In doing so, it attempts to answer the following questions: What is building performance? How can building performance be measured and analyzed? How does the analysis of building performance guide the improvement of buildings? And what can the building domain learn from the way performance is handled in other disciplines?

• Assembles the current body of knowledge on building performance analysis in one unique resource
• Offers deep insights into the complexity of using building performance analysis throughout the entire building life cycle, including design, operation and management
• Contributes an emergent theory of building performance and its analysis

Building Performance Analysis will appeal to the building science community, both from industry and academia. It specifically targets advanced students in architectural engineering, building services design, building performance simulation and similar fields who hold an interest in ensuring that buildings meet the needs of their stakeholders.

PIETER DE WILDE is Professor of Building Performance Analysis at Plymouth University, UK. His research interests are the design, construction and operation of buildings that perform as expected by all stakeholders. Educated at TU Delft in the Netherlands, he has over 20 years of experience with research projects that involve both building performance simulation and building monitoring. He serves on the Board of the International Building Performance Simulation Association (IBPSA) and the European Group for Intelligent Computing in Engineering (EG-ICE). Professor de Wilde is Fellow of IBPSA and CIBSE, and member of ASHRAE.

Endorsement by IBPSA ix

Foreword xi

Preface xiii

Acknowledgements xv

Endorsements xvii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Building Performance: Framing, Key Terms and Definition 7

1.2 Performance in the Building Domain 14

1.2.1 Development of the Notion of Building Performance 15

1.2.2 History of Building Codes, Regulations and Rating Schemes 23

1.2.3 Selected Recent Developments in Building Performance 28

1.3 Outline of the Book 34

1.4 Reflections on Building Performance Analysis 37

1.5 Summary 38

1.6 Key References 41

Part I Foundation 43

2 Building Performance in Context 45

2.1 Building Life Cycle 47

2.2 Stakeholders 50

2.3 Building Systems 54

2.4 Building Performance Challenges 58

2.5 Building Performance Context in Current Practice 64

2.6 Reflections on the Complexity of the Context 67

2.7 Summary 68

2.8 Key References 70

3 Needs, Functions and Requirements 73

3.1 Requirement Specification 75

3.2 Requirement Types 83

3.3 Functional Requirements 86

3.4 Building Functions 90

3.5 Stakeholder World Views 96

3.6 Building Performance Requirements 99

3.7 Building Needs, Functions and Requirements in Current Practice 105

3.8 Reflections on Building Performance Requirements 109

3.9 Summary 111

3.10 Key References 114

Part II Assessment 117

4 Fundamentals of Building Performance 119

4.1 Performance: The Interface between Requirements and Systems 123

4.2 Quantifying Performance 128

4.3 Experimentation and Measurement 134

4.4 Building Performance Metrics, Indicators and Measures 140

4.4.1 Performance Metrics 141

4.4.2 Performance Indicators 144

4.4.3 Performance Measures 154

4.5 Handling and Combining Building Performance 157

4.6 Signs of Performance Issues 159

4.7 Building Performance in Current Practice 161

4.8 Reflections on Working with Building Performance 164

4.9 Summary 165

4.10 Key References 168

5 Performance Criteria 171

5.1 Goals, Targets and Ambitions 174

5.2 Benchmarks and Baselines 182

5.3 Constraints, Thresholds and Limits 189

5.4 Performance Categories and Bands 194

5.5 Criteria in Current Practice 196

5.6 Reflections on Performance Criteria 198

5.7 Summary 199

5.8 Key References 202

6 Performance Quantification 205

6.1 Physical Measurement 208

6.1.1 Selected Physical Measurements and Tests 209

6.1.2 Standards for Physical Measurement 228

6.2 Building Performance Simulation 234

6.2.1 Selected Building Simulation Tool Categories 239

6.2.2 Validation, Verification and Calibration 259

6.3 Expert Judgment 262

6.4 Stakeholder Evaluation 267

6.5 Measurement of Construction Process Performance 271

6.6 Building Performance Quantification in Current Practice 273

6.7 Reflections on Quantification Methods 275

6.8 Summary 276

6.9 Key References 279

7 Working with Building Performance 283

7.1 Examples: Selected Building Performance Analysis Cases 285

7.2 Criterion Development 293

7.3 Tool and Instrument Configuration 310

7.4 Iterative Analysis 313

7.5 Building Performance Analysis in Current Practice 314

7.6 Reflections on Working with Building Performance 318

7.7 Summary 319

7.8 Key References 321

Part III Impact 323

8 Design and Construction for Performance 325

8.1 Performance‐ Based Design 328

8.2 Performance‐ Based Design Decisions 343

8.2.1 Normative Decision Methods 350

8.2.2 Naturalistic Decision Making 353

8.2.3 Decision‐Making Challenges 355

8.3 Tools for Performance‐Based Design 356

8.4 Performance Visualization and Communication 369

8.5 Construction for Performance 374

8.6 Design and Construction for Performance Challenges 377

8.7 Reflections on Designing for Performance 379

8.8 Summary 381

8.9 Key References 383

9 Building Operation, Control and Management 387

9.1 Building Performance Management and Control 390

9.1.1 Building Automation Systems 393

9.1.2 Model‐Based Predictive Control 397

9.2 Performance Monitoring 398

9.2.1 Specialized Monitoring Techniques 405

9.2.2 International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol 407

9.3 Fault Detection and Diagnostics 408

9.4 Performance Service Companies and Contracts 413

9.5 Building Operation, Control and Management Challenges 417

9.6 Reflections on Building Automation and Monitoring 419

9.7 Summary 420

9.8 Key References 422

10 High Performance Buildings 425

10.1 Existing Definitions for High Performance Buildings 427

10.2 Emerging Technologies 431

10.3 Smart and Intelligent Buildings 435

10.4 High Performance Building Challenges 437

10.5 Reflection: A Novel Definition for High Performance Buildings 440

10.6 Summary 442

10.7 Key References 444

Epilogue 447

11 Emergent Theory of Building Performance Analysis 449

11.1 Observations, Explanations, Principles and Hypotheses 449

11.2 Suggested Guidelines for Building Performance Analysis 460

11.2.1 Building Performance Analysis During Design 460

11.2.2 Building Performance Analysis During Operation 462

11.2.3 Building Performance Analysis in Research 463

11.3 Future Challenges 463

11.4 Closure 465

Appendix A: Overview of Building Performance Aspects 467

Appendix B: Criterion Development Template 471

Appendix C: Tool/Instrument Configuration Checklist 473

Appendix D: Measurement Instruments 477

Glossary 481

Building Performance Abbreviations 487

Generic Abbreviations 489

List of Figures and Tables 493

Symbols and Units 497

About the Author 501

References: Longlist and Secondary Sources 503

Index 589

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