C++ Algorithms for Digital Signal Processing

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ISBN: 9780131791442 | 0131791443
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 11/13/1998

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Bring the power and flexibility of C++ to all your DSP applications The multimedia revolution has created hundreds of new uses for Digital Signal Processing, but most software guides have continued to focus on outdated languages such as FORTRAN and Pascal for managing new applications. Now C++ Algorithms for Digital Signal Processing applies object-oriented techniques to this growing field with software you can implement on your desktop PC. C++ Algorithms for Digital Signal Processing's programming methods can be used for applications as diverse as: Digital audio and video Speech and image processing Digital communications Radar, sonar, and ultrasound signal processing Complete coverage is provided, including: Overviews of DSP and C++ Hands-on study with dozens of exercises Extensive library of customizable source code Import and Export of Microsoft WAV and Matlab data files Multimedia professionals, managers, and even advanced hobbyists will appreciate C++ Algorithms for Digital Signal Processing as much as students, engineers, and programmers. It's the ideal bridge between programming and signal processing, and a valuable reference for experts in either field.

PREFACE

xiii

(4)

LIST OF KEY SYMBOLS

xvii

1 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING FUNDAMENTALS

(67)

1.1 Sequences

(5)

1.1.1 The Sampling Function

(1)

1.1.2 Sampled Signal Spectra

(1)

1.1.3 Continuous- and Discrete Time Signal Spectra

(2)

1.1.4 The Impulse Sequence

(1)

1.2 Linear Time Invariant Operators

(10)

1.2.1 Causality

(1)

1.2.2 Difference Equations

(1)

1.2.3 The z-transform Description of Linear Operators

(2)

1.2.4 Frequency Domain Transfer Function of an Operator

(2)

1.2.5 Frequency Response Relationship to the z-transform

(1)

1.2.6 Summary of Linear Operators

(1)

1.3 Digital Filters

(8)

1.3.1 FIR Filters

(2)

1.3.2 Linear Phase in FIR Filters

(1)

1.3.3 IIR Filters

(1)

1.3.4 Example Filter Responses

(2)

1.3.5 Filter Specifications

(2)

1.3.6 Filter Structures

(1)

1.4 The Discrete Fourier Transform

(9)

1.4.1 Form of the DFT

(1)

1.4.2 Properties of the DFT

(1)

1.4.3 Power Spectrum

(2)

1.4.4 Averaged Periodograms

(1)

1.4.5 The Fast Fourier Transform

(2)

1.4.6 FFT Example Result

(2)

1.5 Nonlinear Operators

(5)

1.5.1 Clipping and Compression

(1)

1.5.2 Mu-law and A-law Compression

(2)

1.5.3 Filtering by Sorting: Median and Min/Max Filters

(2)

1.6 Linear Algebra: Matrices and Vectors

(3)

1.6.1 Vectors

(2)

1.6.2 Properties of Matrix Mathematics

(1)

1.7 Probability and Random Processes

(10)

1.7.1 Basic Probability

(1)

1.7.2 Random Variables

(1)

1.7.3 Mean, Variance, and Gaussian Random Variables

(3)

1.7.4 Quantization of Sequences

(2)

1.7.5 Random Processes, Autocorrelation, and Spectral Density

(1)

1.7.6 Modeling Real-World Signals With AR Processes

(1)

1.8 Adaptive Filters and Systems

(8)

1.8.1 Wiener Filter Theory

(4)

1.8.2 LMS Algorithms

(2)

1.9 Two-Dimensional Signal Processing

(5)

1.9.1 The Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform

(1)

1.9.2 Two-Dimensional Convolution

(2)

1.9.3 Using the FFT to Speed Up Two-Dimensional Processing

(1)

1.9.4 Two-Dimensional Filtering in the Transform Domain

(1)

1.10 References

(2)

2 PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS

(69)

2.1 The Elements of DSP Programming

(5)

2.2 Variables and Data Types

(4)

2.2.1 Types of Numbers

(2)

2.2.2 Arrays

(1)

2.2.3 Text Data Types: Characters and Strings

(1)

2.3 Operators

(5)

2.3.1 Assignment Operators

(1)

2.3.2 Arithmetic and Bitwise Operators

(1)

2.3.3 Combined Operators

(1)

2.3.4 Logical Operators

(1)

2.3.5 Operator Overloading

(1)

2.3.6 Operator Precedence and Type Conversion

(1)

2.4 Program Control

(7)

2.4.1 Conditional Execution: if-else

(1)

2.4.2 The switch Statement

(1)

2.4.3 Single-Line Conditional Expressions

(1)

2.4.4 Loops: while, do-while, and for

(2)

2.4.5 Program Jumps: break, continue, and goto

(2)

2.4.6 Exception Handling

(1)

2.5 Functions

(5)

2.5.1 Defining and Declaring Functions

(3)

2.5.2 Storage Class, Privacy, and Scope

(1)

2.5.3 Function Prototypes

(1)

2.5.4 Templates

(1)

2.6 Macros and the C Preprocessor

(5)

2.6.1 Conditional Preprocessor Directives

(1)

2.6.2 Macros

(1)

2.6.3 Inline Functions

(2)

2.6.4 Constant Variables

(1)

2.7 Pointers, Arrays, and References

(7)

2.7.1 Special Pointer Operators

100

(1)

2.7.2 Pointers and Dynamic Memory Allocation

101

(2)

2.7.3 Arrays of Pointers

103

(2)

2.7.4 References

105

(1)

2.8 Structures

106

(7)

2.8.1 Declaring and Referencing Structures

107

(1)

2.8.2 Member Functions

108

(1)

2.8.3 Constructors and Destructors

109

(3)

2.8.4 Pointers to Structures

112

(1)

2.9 Classes

113

(10)

2.9.1 Member Access Identifiers

114

(2)

2.9.2 Operator Overloading

116

(5)

2.9.3 Inheritance

121

(1)

2.9.4 Complex Numbers

122

(1)

2.10 Input and Output

123

(2)

2.10.1 cin, cout, and cerr

123

(1)

2.10.2 Accessing Disk Files

124

(1)

2.11 Common C++ Programming Pitfalls

125

(6)

2.11.1 Special String Characters

125

(2)

2.11.2 Array Indexing

127

(1)

2.11.3 Misusing Pointers

128

(3)

2.12 Comments on Programming Style

131

(5)

2.12.1 Software Quality

132

(2)

2.12.2 Structured Programming

134

(2)

2.13 References

136

(1)

3 USER INTERFACE AND DISK STORAGE ROUTINES

137

(40)

3.1 User Interface

138

(2)

3.1.1 String Input

138

(2)

3.1.2 Numerical Input

140

(1)

3.2 Formatted Disk Storage

140

(30)

3.2.1 Open Formatted Data File Routines

147

(4)

3.2.2 Formatted Data Access Routines

151

(14)

3.2.3 Trailer Access Routines

165

(5)

3.3 Graphic Display of Data

170

(5)

3.4 Exercises

175

(1)

3.5 References

176

(1)

4 FILTERING ROUTINES

177

(154)

4.1 Digital Versus Analog Filters

181

(1)

4.2 FIR Filters

182

(18)

4.2.1 Floating-Point FIR Filters

186

(11)

4.2.2 Integer FIR Filters

197

(3)

4.3 IIR Filters

200

(25)

4.3.1 IIR Filter Design

201

(13)

4.3.2 IIR Filter Function

214

(11)

4.4 Real-Time Filters

225

(9)

4.4.1 FIR Real-Time Filters

226

(3)

4.4.2 Real-Time Filtering Examples

229

(5)

4.5 Interpolation and Decimation

234

(21)

4.5.1 FIR Interpolation

237

(8)

4.5.2 FIR Sample Rate Modification and Pitch Shifting

245

(10)

4.6 Complex Filters

255

(7)

4.6.1 Hilbert Transform Real-to-Complex Conversion

257

(5)

4.7 Filtering to Remove Noise

262

(28)

4.7.1 Noise Generation

264

(5)

4.7.2 Statistics Calculation

269

(6)

4.7.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio Improvement

275

(6)

4.7.4 Filtering Quantization Noise

281

(9)

4.8 Nonlinear Filtering

290

(11)

4.8.1 Sorting

292

(3)

4.8.2 Median Filtering

295

(2)

4.8.3 Speech Compression

297

(4)

4.9 Oscillators and Waveform Synthesis

301

(8)

4.9.1 IIR Filters as Oscillators

302

(1)

4.9.2 Table-Generated Waveforms

302

(7)

4.10 Adaptive Filtering and Modeling of Signals

309

(19)

4.10.1 LMS Signal Enhancement

309

(4)

4.10.2 ARMA Modeling of Signals

313

(7)

4.10.3 AR Frequency Estimation

320

(8)

4.11 Exercises

328

(1)

4.12 References

329

(2)

5 DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM ROUTINES

331

(72)

5.1 The Discrete Fourier Transform Routine

332

(5)

5.2 The Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform

337

(2)

5.3 The Fast Fourier Transform Routine

339

(10)

5.4 The Inverse FFT Routine

349

(3)

5.5 Windowing Routines

352

(2)

5.6 Magnitude, Phase, and Logarithmic Displays

354

(2)

5.7 Optimizing The FFT for Real Input Sequences

356

(1)

5.8 Fourier Transform Examples

357

(23)

5.8.1 FFT Test Routine

360

(6)

5.8.2 DFT Test Routine

366

(10)

5.8.3 Inverse FFT Test Routine

376

(4)

5.8.4 Real FFT Test Routine

380

(1)

5.9 Fast Convolution Using the FFT

380

(10)

5.10 Power Spectral Estimation

390

(5)

5.11 Interpolation Using the Fourier Transform

395

(6)

5.12 Exercises

401

(1)

5.13 References

402

(1)

6 MATRIX AND VECTOR ROUTINES

403

(70)

6.1 Vector Operations

403

(24)

6.1.1 Vector Arithmetic

404

(10)

6.1.2 Example Vector Operations

414

(1)

6.1.3 Cross Correlation and Autocorrelation

414

(13)

6.2 Matrix Operations

427

(25)

6.2.1 Matrix Element Manipulation

428

(4)

6.2.2 Matrix Arithmetic

432

(3)

6.2.3 Matrix Inversion

435

(5)

6.2.4 Matrix Determinant

440

(2)

6.2.5 Example Matrix Routine

442

(10)

6.3 Matrix Disk Storage

452

(4)

6.4 Least Squares Curve Fitting

456

(15)

6.4.1 Least Squares Routine

459

(1)

6.4.2 Curve-Fitting Examples

459

(12)

6.5 Exercises

471

(1)

6.6 References

471

(2)

7 IMAGE PROCESSING ROUTINES

473

(69)

7.1 Transform Techniques in Image Processing

474

(21)

7.1.1 Discrete Cosine Transform Image Compression

475

(3)

7.1.2 Coefficient Quantization in the Compressed Image

478

(1)

7.1.3 Block Coding

479

(2)

7.1.4 Discrete Cosine Transform Functions

481

(3)

7.1.5 Image Compression Routine

484

(5)

7.1.6 Image Recovery Routine

489

(1)

7.1.7 Compression And Recovery of an Image

490

(5)

7.2 Histogram Processing

495

(6)

7.2.1 Histogram Function

496

(2)

7.2.2 Histogram-Flattening Routine

498

(1)

7.2.3 Histogram-Flattening Example

498

(3)

7.3 Two-Dimensional Convolution

501

(30)

7.3.1 Convolution Speed-Up

503

(3)

7.3.2 Two-Dimensional Convolution Function

506

(2)

7.3.3 Example Convolution Routine

508

(9)

7.3.4 Two-Dimensional FFT Convolution

517

(1)

7.3.5 Edge Detection Using Convolution

517

(9)

7.3.6 Edge Detection Routine

526

(5)

7.4 Nonlinear Processing of Images

531

(8)

7.4.1 Median Filtering

536

(2)

7.4.2 Erosion and Dilation

538

(1)

7.5 Exercises

539

(2)

7.6 References

541

(1)

APPENDIX A STANDARD C++ CLASS LIBRARY

542

(14)

A.1 Math Functions

542

(2)

A.1.1 Trigonometric Functions

542

(1)

A.1.2 Exponential, Log, Power, Square Root

543

(1)

A.1.3 Hyperbolic Functions

543

(1)

A.1.4 Absolute Value, Floor, Ceiling

543

(1)

A.1.5 Euclidean Distance

544

(1)

A.2 Character String Functions

544

(2)

A.2.1 Convert String to Double-Precision Number

544

(1)

A.2.2 Convert String to Integer

544

(1)

A.2.3 Number to String Conversion

545

(1)

A.2.4 String Manipulation Functions

545

(1)

A.3. Memory Allocation Operators

546

(1)

A.4. Standard Input/Output Classes

547

(8)

A.4.1 Get a Character from a Stream

547

(1)

A.4.2 Get a String from a Stream

547

(1)

A.4.3 Get a Block of Data from a Stream

548

(1)

A.4.4 Get a Class from a Stream

548

(1)

A.4.5 Send a Character to a Stream

548

(1)

A.4.6 Send a String or Block of Data to a Stream

548

(1)

A.4.7 Open a File

548

(1)

A.4.8 Determine the Position of a File Pointer

549

(1)

A.4.9 Reposition a File Pointer

549

(1)

A.4.10 Close a File

549

(1)

A.4.11 Formatted Output Conversion

550

(3)

A.4.12 Formatted Input Conversion

553

(2)

A.5 Other Standard Functions

555

(1)

A.5.1 Random Number Generator

555

(1)

A.5.2 Quick General Sort

555

(1)

A.5.3 Terminate a Process and Close Files

555

(1)

APPENDIX B DSP FUNCTION LIBRARY AND PROGRAMS

556

(19)

B.1 Library Functions

556

(15)

B.1.1 User Interface Functions

558

(1)

B.1.2 Disk Storage Functions

558

(4)

B.1.3 Filter Functions

562

(2)

B.1.4 DFT Functions

564

(1)

B.1.5 Matrix Functions

565

(4)

B.1.6 Image-Processing Functions

569

(2)

B.2 Programs

571

(4)

B.2.1 WINPLOT Program

573

(1)

B.2.2 File Format Conversion Programs

573

(2)

INDEX

575

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C++ Algorithms for Digital Signal Processing

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials