C++ in One Hour a Day, Sams Teach Yourself

Introduction xxvi
PART I: The Basics
Lesson 1: Getting Started
A Brief History of C++
    Connection to C
    Advantages of C++
    Evolution of the C++ Standard
    Who Uses Programs Written in C++?
Programming a C++ Application
    Steps in Building an Executable
    Analyzing Errors and Debugging
    Integrated Development Environments
    Programming Your First C++ Application
    Building and Executing Your First C++ Application
    Understanding Compiler Errors
What’s New in C++20?
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz
    Exercises
Lesson 2: The Anatomy of a C++ Program
Parts of the Hello World Program
Preprocessor Directive #include
The Body of Your Program: main()
    Returning a Value
The Concept of Namespaces
Comments in C++ Code
Functions in C++
Basic Input Using std::cin and Output Using std::cout
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz
    Exercises
Lesson 3: Using Variables, Declaring Constants
What Is a Variable?
    Memory and Addressing in Brief
    Declaring Variables to Access and Use Memory
    Declaring and Initializing Multiple Variables of a Type
    Understanding the Scope of a Variable
    Global Variables
    Naming Conventions
Common Compiler-Supported C++ Variable Types
    Using Type bool to Store Boolean Values
    Using Type char to Store Character Values
    The Concept of Signed and Unsigned Integers
    Signed Integer Types short, int, long, and long long
    Unsigned Integer Types unsigned short, unsigned int, unsigned long, and unsigned long long
    Avoiding Overflow Errors by Selecting Correct Data Types
    Floating-Point Types float and double
Determining the Size of a Variable by Using sizeof()
    Avoid Narrowing Conversion Errors by Using List Initialization
Automatic Type Inference Using auto
Using typedef to Substitute a Variable’s Type
What Is a Constant?
    Literal Constants
    Declaring Variables as Constants Using const
    Constant Expressions Using constexpr
    C++20 Immediate Functions Using consteval
    Enumerations
    Scoped Enumerations
    Defining Constants by Using #define
Keywords You Cannot Use as Variable or Constant Names
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz
    Exercises
Lesson 4: Managing Arrays and Strings
What Is an Array?
    The Need for Arrays
    Declaring and Initializing Static Arrays
    How Data Is Stored in an Array
    Accessing Data Stored in an Array
    Modifying Data Stored in an Array
Multidimensional Arrays
    Declaring and Initializing Multidimensional Arrays
    Accessing Elements in a Multidimensional Array
Dynamic Arrays
C-Style Character Strings
C++ Strings: Using std::string
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz
    Exercises
Lesson 5: Working with Expressions, Statements, and Operators
Statements
Compound Statements, or Blocks
Using Operators
    The Assignment Operator (=)
    Understanding l-Values and r-Values
    Operators to Add (+), Subtract (-), Multiply (*), Divide (/), and Modulo Divide (%)
    Operators to Increment (++) and Decrement (--)
    To Postfix or to Prefix?
    Equality Operators (== and !=)
    Relational Operators
    C++20 Three-Way Comparison Operator (<=>)
    Logical Operations NOT, AND, OR, and XOR
    Using C++ Logical Operators NOT (!), AND (&&), and OR (||)
    Bitwise NOT (~), AND (&), OR (|), and XOR (^) Operators
    Bitwise Right Shift (>>) and Left Shift (<<) Operators
    Compound Assignment Operators
    Using the sizeof() Operator to Determine the Memory Occupied by a Variable
    Operator Precedence and Associativity
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz
    Exercises
Lesson 6: Controlling Program Flow
Conditional Execution Using if.else
    Conditional Programming Using if.else
    Conditional Execution of Statements Within a Block
    Nested if Statements  
    Conditional Processing Using switch-case  
    Conditional Execution Using the ?: Operator
Getting Code to Execute in Loops
    A Rudimentary Loop Using goto
    The while Loop
    The do.while Loop
    The for Loop  
    The Range-Based for Loop
Modifying Loop Behavior Using continue and break  
    Loops That Don’t End: Infinite Loops
    Controlling Infinite Loops
Programming Nested Loops
    Using Nested Loops to Walk a Multidimensional Array
    Using Nested Loops to Calculate Fibonacci Numbers
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz  
    Exercises
Lesson 7: Organizing Code with Functions
The Need for Functions  
    What Is a Function Prototype?
    What Is a Function Definition?
    What Is a Function Call, and What Are Arguments?
    Programming a Function with Multiple Parameters
    Programming Functions with No Parameters or No Return Values
    Function Parameters with Default Values
    Recursion: Functions That Invoke Themselves  
    Functions with Multiple Return Statements  
Using Functions to Work with Different Forms of Data
    Overloading Functions
    Passing an Array of Values to a Function
    Passing Arguments by Reference
How Function Calls Are Handled by the Microprocessor
    Inline Functions
    Automatic Return Type Deduction  
    Lambda Functions
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz  
    Exercises
Lesson 8: Pointers and References Explained
What Is a Pointer?
    Declaring a Pointer
    Determining the Address of a Variable by Using the Reference Operator (&)
    Using Pointers to Store Addresses  
    Accessing Pointed Data Using the Dereference Operator (*)
    What Is the Size of a Pointer?
Dynamic Memory Allocation
    Using the Operators new and delete to Allocate and Release
    Memory Dynamically
    Effects of the Increment (++) and Decrement (--) Operators on Pointers  
    Using the const Keyword on Pointers
    Passing Pointers to Functions
    Similarities Between Arrays and Pointers
Common Programming Mistakes When Using Pointers
    Memory Leaks
    Pointers Pointing to Invalid Memory Locations
    Dangling Pointers (Also Called Stray or Wild Pointers)  
    Checking Whether an Allocation Request Using new Succeeded
Pointer Programming Best Practices  
What Is a Reference?
    What Makes References Useful?
    Using the Keyword const on References  
    Passing Arguments by Reference to Functions
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz  
    Exercises
PART II: Fundamentals of Object-Oriented C++ Programming
Lesson 9: Classes and Objects
The Concept of Classes and Objects  
    Declaring a Class
    An Object as an Instance of a Class
    Accessing Members by Using the Dot Operator (.)
    Accessing Members by Using the Pointer Operator (->)
The Keywords public and private
    Abstraction of Data via the Keyword private  
Constructors
    Declaring and Implementing a Constructor  
    When and How to Use Constructors  
    Overloading Constructors  
    A Class Without a Default Constructor
    Constructor Parameters with Default Values  
    Constructors with Initialization Lists
Destructor
    Declaring and Implementing a Destructor
    When and How to Use a Destructor
The Copy Constructor  
    Shallow Copying and Associated Problems  
    Ensuring a Deep Copy Using a Copy Constructor  
    Using Move Constructors to Improve Performance
Different Uses of Constructors and the Destructor
    A Class That Does Not Permit Copying  
    A Singleton Class That Permits a Single Instance
    A Class That Prohibits Instantiation on the Stack
    Using Constructors to Convert Types
The this Pointer
Using sizeof() with a Class
The Keyword struct and Its Differences from class  
Declaring a friend of a class
Union: A Special Data Storage Mechanism  
    Declaring a Union
    Where Would You Use a Union?
Using Aggregate Initialization on Classes and structs
    constexpr with Classes and Objects
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz
    Exercises
Lesson 10: Implementing Inheritance
Basics of Inheritance
    Inheritance and Derivation
    C++ Syntax of Derivation
    The Access Specifier Keyword protected
    Base Class Initialization: Passing Parameters to the Base Class  
    A Derived Class Overriding the Base Class’s Methods
    Invoking Overridden Methods of a Base Class  
    Invoking Methods of a Base Class in a Derived Class
    A Derived Class Hiding the Base Class’s Methods  
    Order of Construction
    Order of Destruction  
Private Inheritance
Protected Inheritance
The Problem of Slicing
Multiple Inheritance
Avoiding Inheritance Using final
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz  
    Exercises
Lesson 11: Polymorphism
Basics of Polymorphism
    Need for Polymorphic Behavior  
    Polymorphic Behavior Implemented Using Virtual Functions  
    Need for Virtual Destructors
    How Do Virtual Functions Work? Understanding the Virtual Function Table  
    Abstract Base Classes and Pure Virtual Functions
Using Virtual Inheritance to Solve the Diamond Problem
Using the Specifier override to Indicate the Intention to Override
Using final to Prevent Function Overriding  
Virtual Copy Constructors?
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz  
    Exercises
Lesson 12: Operator Types and Operator Overloading
What Are Operators in C++?
Unary Operators  
    Unary Increment (++) and Decrement (--) Operators
    Conversion Operators
    The Dereference Operator (*) and Member Selection Operator (->)
Binary Operators  
    The Binary Addition (a+b) and Subtraction (a-b) Operators  
    The Addition Assignment (+=) and Subtraction Assignment (-=) Operators  
    The Equality (==) and Inequality (!=) Operators  
    The <, >, <=, and >= Operators  
    The C++20 Three-Way Comparison Operator (<=>)  
    The Copy Assignment Operator (=)  
    The Subscript Operator ([])  
The Function Operator (())
The Move Constructor and Move Assignment Operator for High-Performance Programming
    The Problem of Unwanted Copy Steps  
    Declaring a Move Constructor and Move Assignment Operator  
User-Defined Literals
Operators That Cannot Be Overloaded
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz  
    Exercises
Lesson 13: Casting Operators
The Need for Casting  
Why C-Style Casts Are Not Popular with Some C++ Programmers  
The C++ Casting Operators
    Using static_cast
    Using dynamic_cast and Runtime Type Identification  
    Using reinterpret_cast
    Using const_cast
Problems with the C++ Casting Operators
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz  
    Exercises
Lesson 14: An Introduction to Macros and Templates
The Preprocessor and the Compiler
Using the Macro #define to Define Constants
    Using Macros for Protection Against Multiple Inclusion
Using #define to Write Macro Functions
    Why All the Parentheses?
    Using the assert Macro to Validate Expressions
    Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Macro Functions  
An Introduction to Templates
    Template Declaration Syntax  
    The Different Types of Template Declarations
    Template Functions
    Templates and Type Safety
    Template Classes  
    Declaring Templates with Multiple Parameters
    Declaring Templates with Default Parameters
    Sample Template Class: HoldsPair
    Template Instantiation and Specialization
    Template Classes and static Members  
    Variable Templates  
    Using static_assert to Perform Compile-Time Checks
    Using Templates in Practical C++ Programming
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz  
    Exercises
PART III: Learning the Standard Template Library (STL)
Lesson 15: An Introduction to the Standard Template Library
STL Containers  
    Sequential Containers
    Associative Containers  
    Container Adapters
STL Iterators  
STL Algorithms
Interaction Between Containers and Algorithms Using Iterators
    Using the Keyword auto to Let a Compiler Define Type
Choosing the Right Container  
STL String Classes
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz  
Lesson 16: The STL String Class
The Need for String Manipulation Classes  
Working with the STL string Class
    Instantiating the STL string Class and Making Copies
    Accessing Character Contents of std::string  
    Concatenating One String to Another  
    Finding a Character or Substring in a String  
    Truncating an STL String  
    String Reversal
    String Case Conversion
Template-Based Implementation of an STL String
operator ""s in std::string
Using std::string_view (Amended in C++20)
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz  
    Exercises
Lesson 17: STL Dynamic Array Classes
The Characteristics of std::vector  
Typical Vector Operations
    Instantiating a Vector
    Inserting Elements at the End of a Vector by Using push_back()  
    List Initialization  
    Inserting Elements at a Given Position by Using insert()  
    Accessing Elements in a Vector by Using Array Semantics  
    Accessing Elements in a Vector by Using Pointer Semantics
    Removing Elements from a Vector
Understanding the Concepts of Size and Capacity
The STL deque Class
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz
    Exercises
Lesson 18: STL list and forward_list
The Characteristics of std::list
Basic list Operations
    Instantiating a std::list Object
    Inserting Elements at the Front or Back of a List  
    Inserting Elements in the Middle of a List  
    Erasing Elements from a List
Reversing and Sorting Elements in a List
    Reversing Elements by Using list::reverse()
    Sorting Elements  
    Sorting and Removing Elements from a List That Contains Instances of a Class
    std::forward_list
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz  
    Exercises
Lesson 19: STL set and multiset
An Introduction to STL Set Classes  
Basic STL set and multiset Operations  
    Instantiating a std::set Object
    Inserting Elements in a Set or Multiset
    Finding Elements in an STL set or multiset Container
    Erasing Elements in an STL set or multiset Container
Pros and Cons of Using STL set and multiset
STL Hash Set Implementation: std::unordered_set and std::unordered_multiset
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz  
    Exercises
Lesson 20: STL map and multimap
An Introduction to STL Map Classes
Basic std::map and std::multimap Operations  
    Instantiating std::map or std::multimap
    Inserting Elements in an STL Map or Multimap  
    Finding Elements in an STL map Container
    Finding Elements in an STL multimap Container
    Erasing Elements from an STL map or multimap Container
Supplying a Custom Sort Predicate
STL’s Hash Table–Based Key/Value Container
    How Hash Tables Work
    Using unordered_map and unordered_multimap
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz
    Exercises
PART IV: Lambda Expressions and STL Algorithms
Lesson 21: Understanding Function Objects
Function Objects and Predicates  
Typical Applications of Function Objects  
    Unary Functions
    Unary Predicates
    Binary Functions
    Binary Predicates
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz
    Exercises
Lesson 22: Lambda Expressions
What Is a Lambda Expression?
How to Define a Lambda Expression
    Capturing Variables
    Parameters
    Return Types
A Lambda Expression for a Unary Function
A Lambda Expression for a Unary Predicate
A Lambda Expression with State via Capture Lists ([.])
A Lambda Expression for a Binary Function
A Lambda Expression for a Binary Predicate
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz
    Exercises
Lesson 23: STL Algorithms
What Are STL Algorithms?
Classification of STL Algorithms
    Non-mutating Algorithms
    Mutating Algorithms
Usage of STL Algorithms
    Finding Elements, Given a Value or a Condition
    Counting Elements Given a Value or a Condition
    Searching for an Element or a Range in a Collection
    Initializing Elements in a Container to a Specific Value
    Using std::generate() to Initialize Elements to a Value Generated at Runtime
    Processing Elements in a Range by Using for_each()
    Performing Transformations on a Range by Using std::transform()
    Copy and Remove Operations
    Replacing Values and Replacing Elements Given a Condition  
    Sorting and Searching in a Sorted Collection and Erasing Duplicates  
    Partitioning a Range  
    Inserting Elements in a Sorted Collection
    Performing Fold Operations Using std::accumulate() in C++20
C++20 Constrained Algorithms  
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz  
    Exercises
Lesson 24: Adaptive Containers: Stack and Queue
The Behavioral Characteristics of Stacks and Queues
    Stacks
    Queues
Using the STL stack Class
    Instantiating a Stack
    Stack Member Functions
    Insertion and Removal at the Top, Using push() and pop()
Using the STL queue Class
    Instantiating a Queue
    Member Functions of the queue Class
    Insertion at the End and Removal at the Beginning of a Queue via push() and pop()
Using the STL Priority Queue
    Instantiating the priority_queue Class
    Member Functions of priority_queue  
    Insertion at the End and Removal at the Beginning of a Priority Queue via push() and pop()
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz  
    Exercises
Lesson 25: Working with Bit Flags Using the STL
The bitset Class
    Instantiating std::bitset
Using std::bitset and Its Members
    Useful Operators in std::bitset  
    std::bitset Member Methods  
The vector<bool> Class  
    Instantiating vector<bool>
    vector<bool> Functions and Operators
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz  
    Exercises
PART V: Advanced C++ Concepts
Lesson 26: Understanding Smart Pointers
What Are Smart Pointers?
    The Problem with Using Conventional (Raw) Pointers
    How Do Smart Pointers Help?  
How Are Smart Pointers Implemented?
Types of Smart Pointers  
    Deep Copy
    Copy on Write  
    Reference-Counted Smart Pointers  
    Reference-Linked Smart Pointers
    Destructive Copy
    Using std::unique_ptr
Popular Smart Pointer Libraries
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz
    Exercises
Lesson 27: Using Streams for Input and Output
The Concept of Streams
Important C++ Stream Classes and Objects
Using std::cout for Writing Formatted Data to the Console
    Changing the Display Number Format by Using std::cout
    Aligning Text and Setting Field Width by Using std::cout
Using std::cin for Input
    Using std::cin for Input into a Plain Old Data Type
    Using std::cin::get for Input into the char* Buffer  
    Using std::cin for Input into std::string
Using std::fstream for File Handling
    Opening and Closing a File Using open() and close()
    Creating and Writing a Text File by Using open() and the Operator <<
    Reading a Text File by Using open() and the Operator >>  
    Writing to and Reading from a Binary File  
Using std::stringstream for String Conversions
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz  
    Exercises
Lesson 28: Exception Handling
What Is an Exception?
What Causes Exceptions?
Implementing Exception Safety via try and catch
    Using catch(.) to Handle All Exceptions
    Catching Exceptions of a Type  
Throwing Exceptions of a Type by Using throw  
How Exception Handling Works
Class std::exception  
A Custom Exception Class Derived from std::exception
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz  
    Exercises
Lesson 29: C++20 Concepts, Ranges, Views, and Adaptors
Concepts  
    Using Concepts Provided by the Standard Library
    Defining Custom Concepts by Using the Keyword requires  
    Using Concepts with Classes and Objects
The Ranges Library, Views, and Adaptors
    Views and Adaptors
    Adaptors Provided by the Ranges Library
    Combining Multiple Adaptors
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Quiz  
    Exercises
Lesson 30: C++20 Threads
Multithreading
    What Is a Thread?
    Why Program Multithreaded Applications?
    Using the C++20 Thread Library
    How Can Threads Transact Data?
    Using Mutexes and Semaphores to Synchronize Threads
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Exercise
Lesson 31: C++20 Modules and C++23
Modules
    The Problem with #include<header>
    C++20 Modules  
    Programming a Module  
    Consuming a Module  
Why import Module; Is Superior to the Preprocessor #include<header>  
C++23 Expected Features
Learning C++ Doesn’t Stop Here!
    Online Documentation
    Communities for Guidance and Help
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
    Exercise
PART VI: Appendixes
Appendix A: Working with Numbers: Binary and Hexadecimal
Appendix B: C++ Keywords
Appendix C: Writing Great C++ Code
Appendix D: ASCII Codes
Appendix E: Answers


9780137334681   TOC   12/20/2021