Canine and Feline Liver Cytology

Specialist reference with practical guidance on liver pathology in a clinical and anatomical context

Canine and Feline Liver Cytology is a practical and highly illustrated manual with detailed descriptions of cytological features of hepatic diseases and numerous high-quality illustrations to aid in reader comprehension. The primary aim of the text is to describe the correlation of cytological findings with pathological processes in order to provide useful information to clinicians in management of hepatic diseases.

Canine and Feline Liver Cytology includes information on:

• General bases for interpretation of hepatic cytology, covering limits of cytology, value of cytology for a definitive diagnosis, and relationship with clinical data
• A specific reversible injury to hepatocytes, covering hepatocellular swelling, steroid induced hepatopathy, hepatocellular steatosis, and feathery degeneration
• Irreversible injury to hepatocytes, covering necrosis and apoptosis, and inflammation, covering neutrophilic, eosinophilic, macrophagic, and lymphoplasmacytic inflammation
• Intra and extracytoplasmic pathologic accumulation, covering lipofuscin, copper, iron, eosinophilic granules, protein droplet, bile, and amyloid
• Chronic hepatic diseases, with focus on cytological features of fibrosis
• Diseases of biliary tract and gallbladder
• Neoplastic diseases, covering epithelial, mesenchymal and round cell tumors

Canine and Feline Liver Cytology enables readers to interpret all the cytopathological changes in liver pathology and the relationship with clinical primary and secondary causes, eventually with histopathological diagnosis, making it a highly valuable resource for veterinary practitioners and students.

1 Before the analysis. Rules for interpretation of hepatic cytology

1.1   The rules for cytological diagnosis of hepatic diseases

1.1.1        Rule 1

1.1.2        Rule 2

1.1.3        Rule 3

1.1.4        Rule 4

1.1.5        Rule 5

1.1.6        Rule 6

1.1.7        Rule 7

1.2   Diagnostic approach to liver disease

1.2.1        Clinical and anamnestic signs

1.2.2        Hematochemical investigations

1.2.2.1 Pathological bases of liver damage

1.2.2.2 Diagnosis of liver damage

1.2.2.3 Useful enzymes for the recognition of damage to the hepatocyte and cholangiocyte

1.2.2.4 Liver failure diagnosis

1.2.2.5 Parameters of liver failure

1.2.3    Ultrasonographic investigation

1.2.4    Cytological and histopathological investigation

1.2.4.1 Sample collection

1.2.4.2 Cytological approach to hepatic diseases

1.3   To rimember

2 Normal Histology and Cytology of the liver

2.1 Normal liver histology

2.2 Normal cytology of the liver

2.2.1 Hepatocytes

2.2.2 Kupffer cells

2.2.3 Stellate cells

2.2.4 Cholangiocytes (biliary cells)

2.2.6 Hepatic mast cells

2.2.7 Hematopoietic cells

2.2.8 Mesothelial cells

2.3 To rimember

3 Non-specific and reversible hepatocellular damage

3.1 Accumulation of water

3.2 Accumulation of glycogen

3.3 Accumulation of lipids

3.4 Accumulation of bilirubin and bile salts

3.5 Hyperplasia of stellate cells

3.6 Regenerative changes

3.7 To rimember

4 Intra and extra-cytoplasmic pathological accumulation

4.1 Pathological intracytoplasmic accumulation

4.1.1. Lipofuscin

4.1.2 Copper

4.1.3 Iron and hemosiderin

4.1.4 Protein droplets

4.1.5 Cytoplasmic granular eosinophilic material

4.1.6. Hepatic lysosomal storage disorders

4.2 Pathological extracytoplasmic accumulations

4.2.1 Bile

4.2.2 Amyloid

4.3 To remember

5 Irreversible hepatocellular damage

5.1 Necrosis

5.2 Apoptosis

5.3 To remember

6 Inflammation

6.1 Presence of neutrophilic granulocyte

6.2 Presence of eosinophilic granulocytes

6.3 Presence of lymphocytes and plasmacells

6.4 Presence of macrophages

6.5 Presence of mast cells

6.6 To remember

7 Nuclear inclusions

7.1 “Brick” inclusions

7.2 Glycogen pseudo-inclusions

7.3 Lead inclusions

7.4 Viral inclusions

7.5 To remember

8 Cytological features of liver fibrosis

8.1 Cytological features of liver fibrosis

8.2 To remember

9 Cytological Features of biliary diseases

9.1 General features of biliary diseases

9.2 Cytological features of some specific biliary diseases

9.2.1 Acute and chronic cholestasis

9.2.2 Acute cholangitis

9.2.3 Chronic cholangitis

9.2.4 Lymphocytic cholangitis

9.3 To rimember

10 Bile and gallbladder diseases

10.1 Bactibilia and septic cholecystitis

10.2 Epithelial hyperplasia

10.3 Gallbladder mucocele

10.4 Limy bile syndrome

10.5 Biliary sludge

10.6 Neoplastic diseases of gallbladder

10.7 Other gallbladder diseases

10.8 To remember

11 Ethiological agents

11.1 Virus

11.2 Bacteria

11.3 Protozoa

11.4 Fungi

11.5 Parasites

11.6 To remember

12 Neoplastic lesions of the hepatic parenchyma

12. 2 Nodular lesions of epithelial origins

12.2.1 Nodular hyperplasia

12.2.2 Hepatocellular adenoma

12.2.3 Hepatocellular carcinoma

12.2.4 Cholangioma

12.2.5 Cholangiocellular carcinoma

12.2.6 Other nodular lesions of biliary origins

12.2.7 Hepatic carcinoid

12.2.8 Hepatoblastoma

12.3 Nodular lesions of mesenchymal origin

12.3.1 Malignant mesenchymal neoplasms

12.4 Nodular lesions of hematopoietic origin

12.4.1. Myelolipoma

12.4.2. Large-cell hepatic lymphoma

12.4.3 Small cell lymphoma

12.4.4. LGL lymphoma

12.4.5 Epitheliotropic lymphoma

12.4.6 Other types of hepatic lymphoma

12.4.7. Malignant histiocytic neoplasms

12.4.8. Mast cell tumor

12.4.9 Hepatic splenosis

12.5 Liver metastasis

12.6 Criteria for the selection of sampling methods of liver nodular lesions

12.7 To remember

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