Carbohydrate Chemistry, Biology and Medical Applications

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ISBN: 9780080548166 | 0080548164
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/4/2008

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The finding by Emil Fischer that glucose and fructose on treatment with phenylhydrazine gave the identical osazone led him to the elucidation of stereochemistry of carbohydrates. Since then, progress in the field of carbohydrates has been amazing with the unraveling their basic structure, biosynthesis, immunology, functions, and clinical uses, for pure carbohydrates and for protein-linked carbohydrates (glycoproteins and proteoglycans). The chapters in this book present a logical sequence leading from the chemistry and biochemistry of carbohydrates, followed by their role in various pathological conditions, to carbohydrates as potential therapeutic and diagnostic agents. This book offers a detailed panoramic review of the chemistry and biology of carbohydrates for chemists, biologists and health professionals. Each chapter is authored by contributors expert in the particular area of research.

Preface	p. xi
Contributors	p. xiii
The Development of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biology	p. 1
Early History	p. 1
The Contribution of Emil Fischer	p. 2
Cyclic Forms	p. 5
Nomenclature of Carbohydrates	p. 8
General Elucidation of Carbohydrate Structure	p. 9
Monosaccharide Structure	p. 10
Oligosaccharide Structure	p. 11
Polysaccharide Structure	p. 12
Carbohydrate Antibiotics	p. 14
Structural Methodology	p. 15
Carbohydrate Biochemistry	p. 18
Carbohydrate Antigens and Vaccines	p. 20
Conclusion	p. 21
Carbohydrate Structure Determination by Mass Spectrometry	p. 29
Glycoproteins and Other Glycoconjugates	p. 29
Instrumentation for Mass Spectrometry Applied to Carbohydrate Structural Determinations	p. 34
Glycan Structural Determination by Mass Spectrometry	p. 44
Summary	p. 52
Chemical Synthesis of Complex Carbohydrates	p. 59
Introduction	p. 59
Glycosylation Methods in Carbohydrate Synthesis	p. 60
Strategies for Oligosaccharide Assembly	p. 65
Chemical Synthesis of Glycosylphosphatidylinositols	p. 70
Conclusion	p. 75
Enzymatic Synthesis of Oligosaccharides and Conversion to Glycolipids	p. 85
Introduction	p. 85
Oligosaccharide Biosynthesis-Associated Enzymes	p. 86
Sugar Nucleotide Regeneration Systems	p. 88
Enzymatic Oligosaccharide Synthesis Processes	p. 94
Conversion of Oligosaccharides to Glycolipids	p. 99
Conclusion	p. 102
Proteoglycans in the Lung	p. 113
Introduction	p. 113
Proteoglycans and Normal Lung Structure	p. 113
Contribution to Basic Lung Biology	p. 115
Contribution of Proteoglycans to Normal Lung Mechanics	p. 115
Proteoglycans and Mechanical Strain	p. 116
Proteoglycans and the Developing Lung	p. 118
Role of Proteoglycans in Lung Disease	p. 119
Conclusion	p. 125
Proteoglycans of the Intervertebral Disk	p. 133
Introduction	p. 133
Disk Proteoglycans	p. 134
Aggrecan	p. 134
Versican	p. 139
Link Protein	p. 140
Hyaluronan	p. 141
Small Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteoglycans	p. 142
Perlecan	p. 145
Conclusion	p. 146
Small Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteoglycans of Skin	p. 155
Introduction	p. 155
Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans of Skin	p. 155
Small Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins/Proteoglycans	p. 156
Decorin: The Major Small Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteoglycan of Skin	p. 157
Biglycan	p. 160
Lumican and Fibromodulin	p. 161
Functions of Skin Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteoglycans	p. 162
Involvement of Skin Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteoglycans in Skin Pathology	p. 167
Summary and Conclusions	p. 170
Functional Glycosaminoglycans in the Eye	p. 181
Introduction	p. 181
Glycosaminoglycans in Eye Diseases	p. 181
Glycosaminoglycans as Clinical Applications	p. 194
Conclusion	p. 199
Biological Function of Glycosaminoglycans	p. 209
Introduction	p. 209
Biological Function of Glycosaminoglycans	p. 210
Concluding Remarks	p. 217
Physiological, Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Roles of Heparin/Heparan sulfate	p. 227
Introduction	p. 227
Structure of Heparin and Heparan Sulfate	p. 228
Blood Coagulation Processes	p. 229
Cell Growth and Differentiation	p. 231
Inflammation	p. 234
Host Defense and Viral Infection Mechanisms	p. 236
Cell-Cell and Cell-Matrix Interactions	p. 238
Lipid Transport and Clearance Metabolism	p. 240
Potential Therapeutic Roles of Heparin and Heparan Sulfate	p. 242
Carbohydrates and Cutaneous Wound Healing	p. 253
Introduction	p. 253
Carbohydrate Polymers as Wound Dressings	p. 254
Carbohydrate in Wound Healing Modulation	p. 259
Carbohydrate in Skin Tissue Engineering	p. 264
Conclusions	p. 269
Carbohydrates in Human Milk and Infant Formulas	p. 275
Introduction	p. 275
Prebiotic Factors in Human Milk	p. 276
Oligosaccharides of Nonhuman Milk Origin	p. 277
Prebiotic Effect of Nonmilk Oligosaccharides	p. 279
Effect of Intestinal Microbiota on the Immune System: Preclinical Studies	p. 283
Effect of Intestinal Microbiota on the Immune System: Clinical Trials	p. 284
Conclusion	p. 286
Role of Cell Surface Carbohydrates in Development and Disease	p. 293
Introduction	p. 293
The Role of Cell Surface Carbohydrates in Reproduction and Development	p. 293
The Role of Cell Surface Carbohydrates in Cancer	p. 300
Perspective	p. 302
Therapeutic Use of Hyaluronan-Based Products	p. 311
Introduction	p. 311
Ophthalmic Viscosurgery	p. 311
Intra-Articular Hyaluronan: Viscosupplementation	p. 314
Tissue Augmentation	p. 318
Hyaluronan for Antiadhesion, Wound Healing, and Matrix Engineering	p. 322
Drug Delivery and Medical Applications of Chemically Modified Hyaluronan	p. 333
Introduction	p. 333
Conjugation of Active Agents to Hyaluronan	p. 334
Conjugation of Peptides and Proteins to Hyaluronan	p. 340
Drug Formulations Using Hyaluronan	p. 342
Conclusion/Summary	p. 347
Carbohydrate Microarrays as Essential Tools of Postgenomic Medicine	p. 359
Introduction	p. 359
Carbohydrate Microarrays as Essential Tools in the Postgenomics Era	p. 360
Progress in Developing Complementary Platforms of Carbohydrate Microarrays	p. 365
Conclusion Remarks	p. 380
Carbohydrate Arrays for Basic Science and as Diagnostic Tools	p. 387
Introduction	p. 387
Carbohydrate Microarrays	p. 388
Microarrays of Glycosaminoglycan Oligosaccharides for High-Throughput Screening Glycosaminoglycan-Protein Interactions	p. 389
Carbohydrate Microarrays to Detect Pathogens and Viruses	p. 396
Conclusions	p. 399
Index	p. 405
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