Caves : Processes, Development and Management

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ISBN: 9780631191759 | 0631191755
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 12/23/1996

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This book is aimed at students of the natural environment, but it will also appeal to those - cavers, environmental managers and field naturalists - who are curious about the underground world and its inhabitants. it is illustrated throughout with photographs, maps and line diagrams, almost all of which are original to the book.

Preface and Acknowledgements	p. ix
The Cave System and Karst	p. 1
What is Karst?	p. 1
What is a Cave?	p. 1
Where are the Deepest and Longest Caves?	p. 5
Caves as Geomorphic Systems	p. 7
Now the Details...	p. 11
Cave Hydrology	p. 14
Basic Concepts in Karst Drainage Systems	p. 14
Karst Aquifers	p. 15
Porosity and Permeability of Karstic Rocks	p. 16
Zonation of the Karst Drainage System	p. 19
Defining the Catchment of a Cave	p. 19
Hydraulics of Groundwater Flow in Karst	p. 20
Diffuse flow	p. 22
Fissure flow	p. 23
Conduit flow (turbulent and laminar cases)	p. 23
Flow nets in karst drainage systems	p. 27
The Role of Salinity	p. 28
Evolution of the Karst Drainage System	p. 31
Analysis of Karst Drainage Systems	p. 32
Water tracing techniques	p. 32
Spring hydrograph analysis	p. 38
Spring chemograph analysis	p. 42
Structure and Function of Karst Drainage Systems	p. 44
Storage and transfers in the karst system	p. 44
The role of extreme events	p. 47
Karst Hydrology of the Mammoth Cave Plateau, Kentucky	p. 51
Processes of Cave Development	p. 59
Introduction	p. 59
Karst Rocks	p. 59
Limestone	p. 59
Dolomite	p. 67
Sandstone	p. 67
Processes of Dissolution of Karst Rocks	p. 68
The solution of limestone in meteoric waters	p. 68
Soil and vegetation in the limestone solution process	p. 71
The zoning of solution in the unsaturated zone	p. 73
Limestone solution in seawater	p. 75
Solution of evaporites	p. 77
Solution of silicates in meteoric waters	p. 77
Rock Control and Cave Morphology	p. 79
Role of lithology	p. 79
Role of joints, fractures and faults	p. 80
Cave breakdown and evaporite weathering	p. 87
The Development of Common Caves	p. 88
Formation of caves in plan	p. 88
Formation of caves in length and depth	p. 90
The Formation of Maze Caves	p. 97
Caves formed by floodwaters	p. 97
Caves formed by hydrothermal waters	p. 97
Caves formed in gypsum	p. 100
Lava Tubes, Weathering Caves and Pseudokarst	p. 101
The formation of lava tubes	p. 101
Weathering caves and pseudokarst	p. 102
Origin of Caves: an Overview	p. 104
Geological Control and the World's Longest Cave	p. 106
Cave Formations	p. 115
Introduction	p. 115
Carbonates	p. 115
Controls over carbonate mineralogy	p. 121
Cave deposits formed by carbonate minerals	p. 123
Colour of calcite formations	p. 128
Important Non-Carbonate Minerals	p. 128
Evaporites	p. 128
Phosphates and nitrates	p. 131
Oxides, silicates and hydroxides	p. 133
Other Minerals	p. 134
Cave Formations of the Nullarbor Plain, Australia	p. 134
Cave Sediments	p. 143
Introduction	p. 143
Clastic Sediment Types	p. 143
Waterlain clastic sediments	p. 147
Diagenesis of Cave Sediments	p. 155
Stratigraphy and its Interpretation	p. 155
Sediment Transport and Particle Size	p. 156
Provenance Studies	p. 160
Caves and Flood History in the Kimberleys, Australia	p. 161
Dating Cave Deposits	p. 167
The Importance of Dating Cave Deposits	p. 167
Dating Techniques and the Quaternary Timescale	p. 168
Palaeomagnetism	p. 169
Radiocarbon	p. 172
Uranium series	p. 174
Trapped electron methods: ESR, TL and OSL	p. 179
Timing the Ice Ages	p. 185
Cave Deposits and Past Climates	p. 188
Introduction	p. 188
Basic Principles and Tests for Reliability	p. 189
The Last Glacial-Interglacial Temperature Record	p. 191
Carbon Isotopes and Environmental Change	p. 198
Stalagmite Fluorescence and Sunspot Cycles	p. 199
Cave Ecology	p. 203
Introduction	p. 203
Life Zones within Caves	p. 203
The Cave as a Habitat	p. 205
Classification of Cave Life and its Function	p. 213
Adaptations and Modifications to Life in Darkness	p. 214
Origin and Dispersal of Cave-Dwelling Animals	p. 216
Threats to Cave Fauna	p. 220
Conservation of Biological Diversity in Caves	p. 223
The Impact of Cavers on Cave Fauna	p. 227
Unravelling the Secrets of the Carrai Bat Cave	p. 230
Cave Management	p. 237
Introduction	p. 237
History of Cave Use and Exploitation	p. 237
Impacts of Visitors and Infrastructure on Tourist Caves	p. 240
Cave cleaning and its impacts	p. 245
Impacts of recreational caving on caves	p. 245
The Radon Risk in Caves	p. 247
Cave Carrying Capacity and Alternative Management Concepts	p. 250
Cave Classification and its Applications	p. 253
Cave Interpretation and its Use in Management	p. 256
Management of the Glow-Worm Cave, Waitomo, New Zealand	p. 260
Catchment Management in Karst	p. 268
Introduction	p. 268
Basic Concepts in Karst Management	p. 268
Defining Karst Catchments	p. 269
Vegetation and Caves	p. 271
Accelerated Soil Loss in Karst	p. 272
Agricultural Impacts	p. 276
Fire Management in Karst	p. 280
Guidelines for Karst Management	p. 282
Conservation Issues in Karst	p. 285
Rehabilitation and Restoration of Caves	p. 286
International Cooperation and Liaison	p. 288
Restoring a Limestone Ecosystem in Tasmania's World Heritage Area	p. 290
Further Reading	p. 300
Print Media	p. 300
Electronic Media Sources	p. 300
Glossary	p. 302
Index	p. 315
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

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Caves : Processes, Development and Management

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