Cellular Physiology of Nerve and Muscle

Cellular Physiology of Nerve and Muscle offers a state of the art introduction to the basic physical, electrical, and chemical principles central to the function of nerve and muscle cells. The text begins with an overview of the origin of electrical membrane potential, then clearly illustrates the cellular physiology of nerve cells and muscle cells. Throughout, this new edition simplifies difficult concepts with accessible models and straightforward descriptions of experimental results.

Gary G. Matthews is the author of Cellular Physiology of Nerve and Muscle, 4th Edition, published by Wiley.

Preface

ix

Acknowledgments

x

Part I: Origin of Electrical Membrane Potential

1

(54)

Introduction to Electrical Signaling in the Nervous System

3

(6)

The Patellar Reflex as a Model for Neural Function

3

(1)

The Cellular Organization of Neurons

4

(1)

Electrical Signals in Neurons

5

(1)

Transmission between Neurons

6

(3)

Composition of Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids

9

(8)

Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids

10

(1)

The Structure of the Plasma Membrane

11

(5)

Summary

16

(1)

Maintenance of Cell Volume

17

(9)

Molarity, Molality, and Diffusion of Water

17

(3)

Osmotic Balance and Cell Volume

20

(5)

Answers to the Problem of Osmotic Balance

21

(3)

Tonicity

24

(1)

Time-course of Volume Changes

24

(1)

Summary

25

(1)

Membrane Potential: Ionic Equilibrium

26

(14)

Diffusion Potential

26

(2)

Equilibrium Potential

28

(4)

The Nernst Equation

28

(2)

The Principle of Electrical Neutrality

30

(1)

The Cell Membrane as an Electrical Capacitor

31

(1)

Incorporating Osmotic Balance

32

(1)

Donnan Equilibrium

33

(2)

A Model Cell that Looks Like a Real Animal Cell

35

(2)

The Sodium Pump

37

(1)

Summary

38

(2)

Membrane Potential: Ionic Steady State

40

(15)

Equilibrium Potentials for Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride

40

(1)

Ion Channels in the Plasma Membrane

41

(1)

Membrane Potential and Ionic Permeability

41

(4)

The Goldman Equation

45

(2)

Ionic Steady State

47

(1)

The Chloride Pump

48

(1)

Electrical Current and the Movement of Ions Across Membranes

48

(2)

Factors Affecting Ion Current Across a Cell Membrane

50

(1)

Membrane Permeability vs. Membrane Conductance

50

(2)

Behavior of Single Ion Channels

52

(2)

Summary

54

(1)

Part II: Cellular Physiology of Nerve Cells

55

(106)

Generation of Nerve Action Potential

57

(28)

The Action Potential

57

(3)

Ionic Permeability and Membrane Potential

57

(1)

Measuring the Long-distance Signal in Neurons

57

(2)

Characteristics of the Action Potential

59

(1)

Initiation and Propagation of Action Potentials

60

(3)

Changes in Relative Sodium Permeability During an Action Potential

63

(8)

Voltage-dependent Sodium Channels of the Neuron Membrane

64

(2)

Repolarization

66

(3)

The Refractory Period

69

(2)

Propagation of an Action Potential Along a Nerve Fiber

71

(2)

Factors Affecting the Speed of Action Potential Propagation

73

(2)

Molecular Properties of the Voltage-sensitive Sodium Channel

75

(3)

Molecular Properties of Voltage-dependent Potassium Channels

78

(1)

Calcium-dependent Action Potentials

78

(5)

Summary

83

(2)

The Action Potential: Voltage-clamp Experiments

85

(25)

The Voltage Clamp

85

(9)

Measuring Changes in Membrane Ionic Conductance Using the Voltage Clamp

87

(3)

The Squid Giant Axon

90

(1)

Ionic Currents Across an Axon Membrane Under Voltage Clamp

90

(4)

The Gated Ion Channel Model

94

(14)

Membrane Potential and Peak Ionic Conductance

94

(3)

Kinetics of the Change in Ionic Conductance Following a Step Depolarization

97

(4)

Sodium Inactivation

101

(4)

The Temporal Behavior of Sodium and Potassium Conductance

105

(2)

Gating Currents

107

(1)

Summary

108

(2)

Synaptic Transmission at the Neuromuscular Junction

110

(20)

Chemical and Electrical Synapses

110

(1)

The Neuromuscular Junction as a Model Chemical Synapse

111

(4)

Transmission at a Chemical Synapse

111

(1)

Presynaptic Action Potential and Acetylcholine Release

111

(2)

Effect of Acetylcholine on the Muscle Cell

113

(2)

Neurotransmitter Release

115

(14)

The Vesicle Hypothesis of Quantal Transmitter Release

117

(4)

Mechanism of Vesicle Fusion

121

(2)

Recycling of Vesicle Membrane

123

(1)

Inactivation of Released Acetylcholine

124

(1)

Recording the Electrical Current Flowing Through a Single Acetylcholine-activated Ion Channel

124

(3)

Molecular Properties of the Acetylcholine-activated Channel

127

(2)

Summary

129

(1)

Synaptic Transmission in the Central Nervous System

130

(31)

Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses

130

(1)

Excitatory Synaptic Transmission Between Neurons

131

(6)

Temporal and Spatial Summation of Synaptic Potentials

131

(2)

Some Possible Excitatory Neurotransmitters

133

(3)

Conductance-decrease Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials

136

(1)

Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission

137

(6)

The Synapse between Sensory Neurons and Antagonist Motor Neurons in the Patellar Reflex

137

(1)

Characteristics of Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission

138

(1)

Mechanism of Inhibition in the Postsynaptic Membrane

139

(2)

Some Possible Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

141

(2)

The Family of Neurotransmitter-gated Ion Channels

143

(1)

Neuronal Integration

144

(2)

Indirect Actions of Neurotransmitters

146

(3)

Presynaptic Inhibition and Facilitation

149

(3)

Synaptic Plasticity

152

(6)

Short-term Changes in Synaptic Strength

152

(2)

Long-term Changes in Synaptic Strength

154

(4)

Summary

158

(3)

Part III: Cellular Physiology of Muscle Cells

161

(47)

Excitation--Contraction Coupling in Skeletal Muscle

163

(14)

The Three Types of Muscle

163

(2)

Structure of Skeletal Muscle

165

(7)

Changes in Striation Pattern on Contraction

165

(2)

Molecular Composition of Filaments

167

(2)

Interaction between Myosin and Actin

169

(3)

Regulation of Contraction

172

(4)

The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

173

(1)

The Transverse Tubule System

174

(2)

Summary

176

(1)

Neural Control of Muscle Contraction

177

(11)

The Motor Unit

177

(1)

The Mechanics of Contraction

178

(4)

The Relationship Between Isometric Tension and Muscle Length

180

(2)

Control of Muscle Tension by the Nervous System

182

(5)

Recruitment of Motor Neurons

182

(2)

Fast and Slow Muscle Fibers

184

(1)

Temporal Summation of Contractions Within a Single Motor Unit

184

(1)

Asynchronous Activation of Motor Units During Maintained Contraction

185

(2)

Summary

187

(1)

Cardiac Muscle: The Autonomic Nervous System

188

(20)

Autonomic Control of the Heart

191

(15)

The Pattern of Cardiac Contraction

191

(2)

Coordination of Contraction Across Cardiac Muscle Fibers

193

(3)

Generation of Rhythmic Contractions

196

(1)

The Cardiac Action Potential

196

(3)

The Pacemaker Potential

199

(2)

Actions of Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine on Cardiac Muscle Cells

201

(5)

Summary

206

(2)

Appendix A: Derivation of the Nernst Equation

208

(4)

Appendix B: Derivation of the Goldman Equation

212

(4)

Appendix C: Electrical Properties of Cells

216

(9)

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Cellular Physiology of Nerve and Muscle

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials