Cellulose Solvents: For Analysis, Shaping and Chemical Modification

The book will give an overview of the current state-of-the-art concerning the activation and dissolution of cellulose in a broad variety of solvents. Research on this topic can lead to new pathways for the utilization of the most abundant terrestrial biomolecule and may therefore be the basisfor new green strategies towards advanced materials. Leading scientists in the field show different conceptions for the solubilization of cellulose. The long history and groundbreaking developments in the field of polymer chemistry, which are related to this subject, have lead to timely alternativesto already established methods. In addition to discussing attempts for the optimization of known dissolving procedures, this book also details new solvent systems. New solvents include inorganic and organic salt melts (ionic liquids), new aqueous media, multi-component organic solvents and thedissolution under partial derivatization of the polysaccharide. The opportunities and the limitations of the solvents are demonstrated, with a particular emphasis on the stability of the solutions and a possible recycling of the solvent components. This book illustrates that the new procedures for cellulose dissolution can lead to a huge number of unconventional superstructures of regenerated cellulose material, such as fibers and polymer layers with a thickness in the nanometer range or aerogels, i.e. regenerates with a highly porouscharacter and a large surface. Moreover, cellulose blends can be generated via solutions. The book also contains chapters that show the amazing potential of solvents for defined modification reactions on the cellulose backbone. On one hand, it is possible to synthesize known cellulose derivativeswith new substitution patterns both on the basis of the repeating unit and along the polymer chain. On the other hand, completely new derivatives are presented which are hardly accessible via heterogeneous reactions. Consequently, the book is intended to give a comprehensive overview of proceduresfor dissolution of cellulose. It is of interest for scientists new in the field but is also a timely summary of trends for experts who are looking for new approaches for problems related to cellulose shaping or chemical modification.

Tim F. Libert is Head of the group "Innovative concepts for the modification of cellulose" in the frame of the Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research Jena.

Thomas Heinze is Professor of Organic Chemistry at the University of Jena

Kevin Edgar is a Technology Fellow in the Research Laboratories of Eastman Chemical Company.

CONTENTS

Approaches for the Dissolution of Cellulose
1. Cellulose Solvents - Remarkable History, Bright Future
Tim Liebert
2. Design of Polar Ionic Liquids To Solubilize Cellulose without Heating
Yukinobu Fukaya, Kensaku Hayashi, Seung Seob Kim and Hiroyuki Ohno
3. Advances in Aqueous Cellulose Solvents
Ang Lue and Lina Zhang
4. Molten Inorganic Salts as Reaction Medium for Cellulose
S. Fischer and K. Thümmler
5. Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Ammonium Fluorides - Novel Cellulose Solvents
Thomas Heinze and Sarah Köhler

Interaction of Solvents with Cellulose
6. Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Properties of Ionic Liquids and Their Effect on Cellulose Solubility
M. Sellin, B. Ondruschka and A. Stark
7. On the Specific Behaviour of Native Cellulose Fibers upon Dissolution
N. Le Moigne and P. Navard
8. Side Reactions in the System Cellulose/1-Alkyl-3-methyl-imidazolium Ionic Liquid
Michael Schrems, Gerald Ebner, Falk Liebner, Ernst Becker, Antje Potthast and Thomas Rosenau
9. Cellulose Solubility: Dissolution and Analysis of "Problematic" Cellulose Pulps in the Solvent System DMAc/LiCl
Ute Henniges, Sonja Schiehser, Thomas Rosenau and Antje Potthast
10. Comparison of Solution-State Properties of Cellulose Dissolved in NaOH/Water and in Ionic Liquid (EMIMAc)
T. Budtova, M. Egal, R. Gavillon, M. Gericke, T. Heinze, T. Liebert, C. Roy, K. Schlufter and P. Navard
11. Aspects of the Interaction of Native and Synthetic Polymers with Direct Dissolving Liquids
B. Kosan, K. Schwikal, S. Hesse-Ertelt, A. Nechwatal, F. Hermanutz and F. Meister
12. Effect of Enzymatic Treatment on Solubility of Cellulose in 7.6%NaOH-Water and Ionic Liquid
Peter Rosenberg, Tatiana Budtova, Monika Rom and Pedro Fardim

Modifications of Cellulose using Solvents
13. Non-Halide Ionic Liquids for Solvation, Extraction, and Processing of Cellulosic Materials
Michael Hummel, Gerhard Laus, Alexander Schwärzler, Gino Bentivoglio, Egon Rubatscher, Holger Kopacka, Klaus Wurst, Volker Kahlenberg, Thomas Gelbrich, Ulrich J. Griesser, Thomas Röder, Hedda K. Weber,
Herwig Schottenberger and Herbert Sixta
14. Properties of Cellulose/TiO2 Fibers Processed from Ionic Liquids
Mirela L. Maxim, Ning Sun, Richard P. Swatloski, Mustafizur Rahman, Adam G. Harland, Anwarul Haque, Scott K. Spear, Daniel T. Daly and Robin D. Rogers
15. Novel Cellulose Products Prepared by Homogeneous Functionalization of Cellulose in Ionic Liquids
Susann Dorn, Michael Schöbitz, Kerstin Schlufter and Thomas Heinze
16. Dissolution of Cellulose in Ionic Liquids and Its Application for Cellulose Processing and Modification
Liu ChuanFu, Sun RunCang, Zhang AiPing and Li WeiYing
17. Imidazolium Based Ionic Liquids as Solvents for Cellulose Chemistry
Jürgen Vitz, Tina Erdmenger and Ulrich S. Schubert
18. Structure-Property Relationship of Cellulose Ethers - Influence of the Synthetic Pathway on Cyanoethylation
B. Volkert, W. Wagenknecht and M. Mai
19. Opportunities with Wood Dissolved in Ionic Liquids
Haibo Xie, Ilkka Kilpeläinen, Alistair King, Timo Leskinen, Paula Järvi and Dimitris S. Argyropoulos
20. Advances in Cellulose Solvent- and Organic Solvent-Based Lignocellulose Fractionation (COSLIF)
Y.-H. Percival Zhang, Zhiguang Zhu, Joe Rollin and Noppadon Sathitsuksanoh

Indexes
Author Index
Subject Index