Cengage Advantage Books: Building a Speech

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ISBN: 9780495006572 | 0495006572
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 5/9/2006

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Preface. Unit One: SURVEYING THE LANDSCAPE. 1. Introducing the Study of Public Speaking. 2. Building Your First Speech. 3. Analyzing Your Audience. 4. Improving Your Listening Skills. 5. Understanding and Reducing Your Apprehension. 6. Considering the Ethics of Public Speaking. Unit Two: PREPARING THE FOUNDATION. 7. Selecting the Topic and Purpose. 8. Conducting Research. 9. Choosing Supporting Materials. Unit Three: CREATING THE STRUCTURE. 10. Organizing the Body of the Speech. 11. Selecting the Introduction and Conclusion. Unit Four: REFINING THE APPEARANCE. 12. Using Audiovisual Aids. 13. Considering Language. 14. Developing the Delivery. Unit Five: CONSIDERING DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRUCTURES. 15. Speaking to Inform. 16. Speaking to Persuade. 17. Speaking to Persuade: Motivating Audiences. 18. Speaking for Special Occasions. 19. Speaking in Groups.

Preface

xix

Unit One Surveying the Landscape

(90)

Introducing the Study of Public Speaking

(16)

Communication in the Modern World

(3)

Classical Origins of Speaking

(1)

The Communication Process

(8)

A Communication Model

(1)

The Sender: Encoding Ideas into Symbols

(1)

The Message

(1)

The Channel

(1)

The Receiver: Decoding Symbols into Ideas

(1)

Feedback

(1)

Setting

(1)

Noise

(2)

The Communication Model Applied to Public Speaking

(1)

Applying the Communication Model to Everyday Life

(1)

Designing a Plan

(1)

Summary

(1)

Building a Speech Online

(2)

Building Your First Speech

(10)

Extemporaneous Delivery and Speaking Styles

(1)

Creating a Blueprint

(5)

Step 1: Choose an Interesting, Well-Defined Topic

(1)

Step 2: Understand the General Purpose

(1)

Step 3: Conduct Extensive Research

(1)

Step 4: Write Specific Purpose and Thesis Statements

(1)

Step 5: Write a Comprehensive Outline

(1)

Step 6: Be Sensitive to Audience Members

(1)

Step 7: Understand Your Ethical Responsibilities

(1)

Step 8: Choose Extemporaneous Delivery

(1)

Step 9: Practice the Speech

(1)

Step 10: Be Confident and Prepared

(1)

Summary

(1)

Building a Speech Online

(1)

Analyzing Your Audience

(20)

The Importance of Audience Analysis

(15)

Audience Perception of the Speaker

(1)

Audience Perception of the Topic

(1)

Motivations of the Audience

(2)

Physiological Needs

(1)

Safety Needs

(1)

Love Needs

(1)

Esteem Needs

(1)

Self-Actualization Needs

(1)

Impact of Social Groups on Listeners

(1)

Age

(1)

Gender

(1)

Religion

(1)

Cultural and Ethnic Origin

(1)

Educational Level, Occupation, and Interests

(1)

Income Level

(1)

Geographic Location

(1)

Social Organizations

(1)

Targeting Specific Groups

(1)

Impact of the Occasion on Listeners

(1)

The Purpose of the Occasion

(1)

The Physical Location of the Event

(1)

The Expectations of the Speaker

(1)

Conducting an Audience Analysis

(2)

Collecting Demographic Data about the Audience

(1)

Informal Assessments

(1)

Surveys

(1)

Questionnaires

(1)

Interviews

(1)

Processing the Data with a Computer

(1)

Evaluating the Audience Profile

(1)

Summary

(1)

Building a Speech Online

(1)

Improving Your Listening Skills

(16)

The Significance of Listening

(1)

The Process of Listening

(2)

Kinds of Listening

(2)

Discriminative Listening

(1)

Evaluative Listening

(1)

Appreciative Listening

(1)

Empathic Listening

(1)

Active and Passive Listening

(1)

Barriers of Listening

(3)

Yielding to Distractions

(1)

Blocking Out Communication

(1)

Listening Selectively

(1)

Overcriticizing the Speaker

(1)

Faking Attention

(1)

Avoiding Difficult Listening Situations

(1)

How to Become an Active Listener and Speaker

(4)

Withhold Judgment

(1)

Avoid the Appearance Trap

(1)

Don't Be Easily Swayed by Delivery and Style

(1)

Give All Topics a Fair Hearing

(1)

Avoid Extraneous Mental Activity During the Speech

(1)

Give Honest, Attentive Feedback

(1)

Eliminate Distractions

(1)

Evaluate the Communication When It Is Finished

(1)

Summary

(1)

Building a Speech Online

(2)

Understanding and Reducing Your Apprehension

(12)

Speech Anxiety Is Common

(1)

Research into Stress and Communication Apprehension

(2)

Reducing Communication Apprehension

(6)

Accept Anxiety Honestly and Face It

(2)

Develop a Positive Attitude

(1)

Adopt Constructive Behaviors

(1)

Maintain a Healthy Body

(1)

Be Thoroughly Prepared

(1)

Reward Yourself

(1)

Let Go of Mistakes

(1)

Accept Constructive Criticism

(1)

Taking Responsibility to Reduce Apprehension

(1)

Summary

(1)

Building a Speech Online

(2)

Considering the Ethics of Public Speaking

(15)

The Need for Ethics in Society

(1)

Evaluating a Speaker's Ethics

(5)

Honesty and the Speaker

(2)

The Speaker's Reliability

(1)

The Speaker's Motivations

(1)

The Speaker's Policies

(1)

Applying Ethical Standards

(3)

Be Honest

(1)

Advocate Ideas That Benefit Others

(1)

Evaluate Your Motives for Speaking

(1)

Develop a Speaking Code of Ethics

(1)

Sample Speech The Right Way: A Matter of Principle

(3)

Summary

(1)

Building a Speech Online

(2)

Unit Two Preparing the Foundation

(56)

Selecting the Topic and Purpose

(14)

Getting Ideas

(2)

Your Own Knowledge and Experience

(1)

Brainstorming

(1)

Proquest Direct, the Readers' Guide, Infotrac College Edition, Newspaper Indexes, the Internet

(1)

Ask for Help

(1)

Selecting the Topic

(3)

It Should Be Sufficiently Narrow and Conform to the Time Limit

(1)

It Should Interest You, the Speaker

(1)

It Should Provide New Information

(1)

It Should Be Appropriate

(1)

It Should Conform to the General Purpose

(1)

Speeches to Inform

(1)

Speeches to Persuade

(1)

Speeches to Entertain

(1)

Writing the Specific Purpose

(3)

Be Clear, Concise, and Unambiguous

(1)

Include Only One Major Idea

(1)

Phrase in a Declarative Statement

100

(1)

Wording the Thesis Statement

101

(2)

Problems with the Thesis Statement

102

(1)

Putting It Together

103

(1)

Summary

104

(1)

Building a Speech Online

104

(2)

Conducting Research

106

(22)

Preparing for Research

107

(1)

Establishing Credibility

108

(1)

Primary and Secondary Sources

108

(1)

Using General References

109

(1)

The Catalog

109

(1)

Periodical Indexes

109

(1)

Accessing the Library by Computer

110

(1)

Guidelines for Searching the Internet

110

(2)

Researching Substantive Sources

112

(5)

Biographies

113

(1)

Directories and Handbooks

113

(1)

Dictionaries

113

(1)

Encyclopedias

113

(1)

Almanacs, Yearbooks, and Statistical Publications

114

(1)

Collections of Quotations

114

(1)

Books

114

(1)

Magazines, Journals, and Newspapers

114

(1)

Legal Research

115

(1)

Audiovisual Aids

115

(1)

Interviews with Authorities

115

(1)

Legislative and Governmental Research

115

(2)

Institutional and Organizational Research

117

(1)

Specialized Libraries and Museums

117

(1)

Keeping Accurate Notes

117

(2)

Interviewing

119

(2)

Preparing for the Interview

119

(1)

Conducting the Interview

120

(1)

Taking Notes during the Interview

121

(1)

The Bibliography: How to Record an Entry

121

(1)

Avoiding Plagiarism

122

(1)

Thinking Critically about Speech Research and Construction

122

(4)

Be Willing to Test Information

123

(1)

Be Organized

124

(1)

View Ideas from Different Perspectives

124

(1)

Think for Yourself

125

(1)

Summary

126

(1)

Building a Speech Online

126

(2)

Choosing Supporting Materials

128

(19)

Making the Appropriate Selection

129

(1)

Statistics, Polls, and Surveys

130

(2)

Using Statistics

130

(2)

Examples, Illustrations, Case Studies, and Narratives

132

(3)

Using Examples

132

(3)

Quotations and Testimonies from Authorities

135

(1)

Using Quotations and Testimonies

135

(1)

Comparisons and Contrasts

136

(2)

Using Comparisons and Contrasts

136

(2)

Personal Experience and Observation

138

(1)

Using Experience and Observation

138

(1)

Humor and Anecdotes

139

(1)

Using Humor and Anecdotes

139

(1)

Role-Playing

140

(1)

Using Role-Playing Techniques

140

(1)

Sample Speech Out of Sight, Out of Mind

141

(4)

Summary

145

(1)

Building a Speech Online

145

(2)

Unit Three Creating the Structure

147

(46)

Organizing the Body of the Speech

148

(19)

Approaching Organization Logically

150

(1)

Principles of Outlining

150

(13)

Building Block One: The Body Should Contain between Two and Four Main Points or Numerals in a 5- to 7-Minute Speech

150

(1)

Building Block Two: Main Points in the Body Should Be Structured in an Organizational Sequence That Is Logical, Interesting, and Appropriate to the Topic

151

(1)

Chronological Sequence

151

(1)

Spatial Sequence

151

(1)

Cause-Effect Sequence

152

(1)

Topical Sequence

153

(1)

Other Sequences

154

(1)

Building Block Three: A System of Roman Numerals, Letters, and Arabic Numbers Should Be Combined with Indentation to Identify Main and Subordinate Levels

154

(1)

Building Block Four: The Outline Should Include Supporting Materials That Are Coordinated and Subordinated in a Logical Manner?

155

(3)

Building Block Five: Every Subdivision Must Contain at Least Two Items

158

(1)

Building Block Six: Each Point Should Include Only One Topic or Idea

159

(1)

Building Block Seven: Main Points (Numerals) and Supporting Items Should Be Linguistically Parallel

160

(1)

Building Block Eight: The Outline Should Be Expressed in Either Sentences or Topics

161

(1)

Building Block Nine: The Outline Should Identify Sources for Major Supporting Materials

162

(1)

Building Block Ten: The Outline Should Include External Transitions Between Main Numerals

162

(1)

Your Speaking Notes

163

(2)

Summary

165

(1)

Building a Speech Online

166

(1)

Selecting the Introduction and Conclusion

167

(26)

Planning the Introduction

168

(10)

Examples, Stories, and Illustrations

169

(1)

Shocking Statement or Situation

170

(1)

Statistics

171

(1)

Questions

172

(1)

Quotation

173

(1)

Suspense

174

(1)

Personal Reference, Compliment, or Reference to the Occasion

175

(1)

Humor

176

(1)

The Flexible Introduction

177

(1)

Combination of Strategics

177

(1)

Outlining the Introduction

178

(1)

Planning the Conclusion

179

(6)

Summary of Main Points

179

(1)

Quotation

180

(1)

Reference to the Introduction

181

(1)

Challenge or Appeal

181

(2)

Humor

183

(1)

Question

184

(1)

Story, Illustration, and Example

184

(1)

Statistics

185

(1)

Outlining the Conclusion

185

(1)

Speaking Notes for the Introduction and Conclusion

186

(1)

Sample Outline Raising the Monitor

187

(3)

Summary

190

(1)

Building a Speech Online

190

(3)

Unit Four Refining the Appearance

193

(62)

Using Audiovisual Aids

194

(22)

Types of Audiovisual Aids

195

(15)

Mechanical Media

195

(1)

The Computer Projector

195

(1)

Projection Equipment

196

(1)

Recording Equipment

197

(3)

Using Media

200

(1)

Graphs

200

(1)

Bar Graph

200

(1)

Line Graph

200

(1)

Pie Graph

201

(1)

Developing Graphs

202

(1)

Illustrations, Photographs, and Pictures

202

(1)

Using Pictures

203

(1)

Posters, Flipcharts, and Chalkboards

204

(1)

Using Posters, Flipcharts, and Chalkboards

204

(3)

Models and Objects

207

(1)

Scale Models

207

(1)

Parts of Objects

207

(1)

Actual Objects

208

(2)

You as a Visual Aid

210

(1)

Sample Speech: How Do Airplane Wings Produce Lift?

210

(4)

Summary

214

(1)

Building a Speech Online

215

(1)

Considering Language

216

(18)

Developing Clarity

217

(3)

Avoiding Euphemisms

219

(1)

Using Concrete Language

220

(2)

Denotation and Connotation

221

(1)

Building a Unique Style

222

(3)

Similes

222

(1)

Metaphors

222

(1)

Alliteration

223

(1)

Amplification

223

(1)

Antithesis

224

(1)

Repetition

224

(1)

Mnemonic Phrases

225

(1)

Being Appropriate

225

(5)

Be Aware of Cultural Differences

225

(2)

Recognize Differences Due to Gender

227

(1)

Avoid Offensive Terms

228

(1)

Eliminate Irrelevant Language

228

(1)

Avoid Trite Expressions

229

(1)

Eliminate Grammatical Errors

229

(1)

Build Vocabulary Skills

230

(1)

Making Ideas Meaningful and Interrelated

230

(2)

Personal Pronouns

230

(1)

Transitions

231

(1)

Summary

232

(1)

Building a Speech Online

232

(2)

Developing the Delivery

234

(21)

Delivering the Speech

235

(1)

Proper Breathing for Vocal Delivery

236

(1)

Vocal Delivery

237

(5)

Volume

237

(1)

Articulation

238

(1)

Pitch and Inflection

239

(1)

Quality

240

(1)

Rate

240

(1)

Pronunciation

241

(1)

Pauses

241

(1)

Emphasis and Phrasing

242

(1)

Visual, Nonverbal Delivery

242

(7)

Eye Contact

243

(1)

Appearance

243

(1)

Gestures

244

(1)

Facial Expression

244

(1)

Body Position and Movement

245

(1)

Culture and Nonverbal Delivery

246

(2)

Gender and Nonverbal Delivery

248

(1)

Combining Vocal and Visual Delivery

249

(1)

Building Skills in Delivery

250

(2)

Know Your Material

250

(1)

Be Well Organized

250

(1)

Mark Your Notes

250

(1)

Practice the Delivery

251

(1)

Summary

252

(1)

Building a Speech Online

253

(2)

Unit Five Considering Different Types of Structures

255

(114)

Speaking to Inform

256

(22)

The Difference Between Information and Persuasion

257

(1)

Types of Informative Speeches

258

(12)

The Descriptive Speech

258

(1)

An Example

259

(2)

Outlining the Descriptive Speech

261

(2)

The Demonstration Speech

263

(1)

An Example

264

(1)

Outlining the Demonstration Speech

264

(2)

The Speech of Definition

266

(2)

Other Informative Types: Reports, Lectures, and Personal Experience

268

(2)

Sample Speech: Raising the Monitor

270

(6)

Summary

276

(1)

Building a Speech Online

276

(2)

Speaking to Persuade

278

(32)

Persuasion in Today's Society

279

(1)

The Nature of Persuasion

280

(3)

Speeches to Convince

281

(1)

Speeches to Stimulate

281

(1)

Speeches to Actuate

281

(1)

Selecting the Persuasive Topic

281

(1)

Wording the Proposition Statement

281

(1)

Propositions of Fact, Value, and Policy

282

(1)

Ethos, Pathos, and Logos: The Means of Persuasion

283

(7)

Ethos: The Ethical Appeal

283

(2)

Pathos: The Emotional Appeal

285

(1)

Identify Emotions

286

(1)

Understand Audience Emotions

287

(1)

Express Your Own Feelings

288

(1)

Connect Emotions to the Occasion

289

(1)

Logos: The Appeal to Reason

290

(6)

Arguments Based on Enumeration

291

(1)

Arguments Based on Analogy

292

(1)

Arguments Based on Causation

292

(2)

Other Logical Fallacies

294

(1)

Developing Rebuttal Arguments

295

(1)

Methods of Organizing Persuasive Speeches

296

(5)

Reasons

296

(1)

Problem-Solution

297

(3)

Comparative Advantages

300

(1)

Motivated Sequence

301

(1)

Sample Speech: Computer-Enhanced Advertising Should Be Clearly Labeled

301

(7)

Summary

308

(1)

Building a Speech Online

308

(2)

Speaking to Persuade: Motivating Audiences

310

(16)

Strategies for Motivating Listeners

312

(3)

Appeal to the Needs of the Audience

312

(1)

Appeal to Listeners' Beliefs and Values

313

(1)

Provide Listeners with Incentives

314

(1)

Involve the Audience Emotionally

315

(1)

The Speech to Actuate

315

(2)

Attention Step

315

(1)

Need Step

316

(1)

Satisfaction Step

316

(1)

Visualization Step

316

(1)

Action Step

317

(1)

Phrasing the Thesis

317

(1)

Applying the Motivated Sequence

317

(5)

Attention Step

318

(1)

Need Step

318

(1)

Satisfaction Step

318

(1)

Visualization Step

319

(1)

Action Step

319

(1)

Outlining the Motivated Sequence

320

(2)

Sample Speech: Genocide in Sudan

322

(3)

Summary

325

(1)

Building a Speech Online

325

(1)

Speaking for Special Occasions

326

(17)

Types of Special-Occasion Speeches

328

(10)

The Speech of Tribute

328

(1)

Construct a Brief Biographical Sketch

328

(1)

Acknowledge Significant Achievements and Virtues

328

(1)

Convey Hope and Encouragement

328

(1)

The Presentation Speech

329

(1)

The Acceptance Speech

330

(1)

The Speech of Dedication

331

(1)

The Speech of Welcome

332

(1)

The Speech of Introduction

332

(1)

The Keynote Speech

333

(1)

The Nominating Speech

334

(1)

The Farewell Speech

335

(1)

The Commencement Speech

335

(1)

The After-Dinner Speech

335

(2)

Toasts

337

(1)

Sample Speech: Dedication of the World War II Memorial

338

(3)

Summary

341

(1)

Building a Speech Online

341

(2)

Speaking in Groups

343

(26)

Characteristics of Small Groups

345

(1)

Shared Goals

345

(1)

Group Interaction

346

(1)

Size

346

(1)

Time Period

346

(1)

Leadership

346

(1)

Development of Small Groups

346

(2)

Forming

347

(1)

Storming

347

(1)

Norming

347

(1)

Performing

347

(1)

Solving Problems in Groups

348

(4)

Questions for Discussion

348

(1)

Questions of Fact

348

(1)

Questions of Value

348

(1)

Questions of Policy

348

(1)

Developing a Problem-Solving Agenda

348

(1)

Define the Problem

349

(1)

Narrow the Problem

349

(1)

Analyze the Issue

349

(1)

Set Up Criteria

350

(1)

Suggest Solutions

350

(1)

Apply Criteria to Solutions

350

(1)

Implement the Selected Solution

350

(1)

Monitor the Success of the Solution

351

(1)

A Sample Agenda

351

(1)

Participating in Groups

352

(3)

Group-Centered Behavior

352

(1)

Be an Active Observer

352

(1)

Support Group Procedure

352

(1)

Be Reliable

352

(1)

Be Willing to Compromise

353

(1)

Be Courteous and Respectful

353

(1)

Encourage and Energize Members

353

(1)

Self-Centered Behavior

354

(1)

Leadership in Small Groups

355

(5)

Leadership Theories

355

(1)

Positive Leadership Behaviors

356

(1)

Be Prepared

356

(1)

Keep to Time Limits

357

(1)

Be Organized

357

(1)

Know When to Intervene

357

(3)

Special Discussion Formats

360

(2)

Focus Groups

360

(1)

The Symposium

361

(1)

The Panel

361

(1)

The Forum

362

(1)

Buzz Groups

362

(1)

Role-Playing Groups

362

(1)

Summary

362

(1)

Building a Speech Online

363

(6)

Notes

369

(4)

Glossary

373

(8)

Photo Credits

381

(2)

Index

383

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Cengage Advantage Books: Building a Speech

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials