Cerebral Palsy Resource Guide for

A new title in the Resource Guide Series, this text is a practical tool providing speech-language pathologists working in schools, clinics, or medical settings with information regarding the assessment and treatment of communication and feeding/swallowing disorders in children and adults with cerebral palsy. In addition to a cutting edge review of cerebral palsy, this resource provides assessment and treatment resources and tools that the clinician can use directly with clients. Case studies round out the book, providing users with excellent models of assessment and treatment in action with this special population.

Marilyn Seif Workinger, Ph.D., CCC-SLP: Marshfield Clinic Marshfield, Wisconsin

Preface

ix

About the Author

xi

Acknowledgments

xii

SECTION 1: CORE KNOWLEDGE

1

(44)

Definition of Cerebral Palsy

1

(1)

Types of Cerebral Palsy

2

(2)

Causes of Cerebral Palsy

4

(1)

Congenital Cerebral Palsy

4

(1)

Acquired Cerebral Palsy

5

(1)

Neuroanatomic Lesions in Cerebral Palsy

5

(1)

Spastic Cerebral Palsy

6

(1)

Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy

6

(1)

Ataxic Cerebral Palsy

6

(1)

Timing of Lesions

6

(1)

Incidence and Prevalence of Cerebral Palsy

6

(1)

Conditions Associated with Cerebral Palsy

7

(2)

Physical Impairments Associated with Cerebral Palsy

7

(1)

Behavioral Disorders Associated with Cerebral Palsy

8

(1)

Cognitive Disorders Associated with Cerebral Palsy

9

(1)

Communication Disorders Associated with Cerebral Palsy

9

(1)

The Natural History of Cerebral Palsy

9

(2)

Life Stages

9

(2)

Treatment for Individuals with Cerebral Palsy

11

(9)

Approaches to Treatment

12

(8)

Movement Patterns

20

(4)

Development of Normal Movement Patterns

20

(3)

Development of Movement Patterns in Children with Cerebral Palsy

23

(1)

Speech Production

24

(10)

Development of Normal Speech Production

24

(3)

Development of Speech Production in Children with Cerebral Palsy

27

(2)

The Dysarthrias of Cerebral Palsy

29

(5)

Feeding and Swallowing

34

(3)

Normal Development of Feeding and Swallowing Skills

34

(1)

Feeding and Swallowing in Children with Cerebral Palsy

35

(2)

Saliva Control

37

(2)

Normal Development of Saliva Control

37

(1)

Saliva Control in Individuals with Cerebral Palsy

37

(2)

Language Development

39

(6)

Normal Language Development

39

(1)

Language Development in Individuals with Cerebral Palsy

40

(5)

SECTION 2: ASSESSMENT

45

(40)

Assessment of Speech Production

45

(25)

Posture and Movement

46

(2)

Structural Integrity of the Speech Mechanism

48

(1)

Respiratory Function

49

(6)

Laryngeal Function

55

(1)

Velopharyngeal Function

56

(2)

Orofacial Function

58

(2)

Rating Involvement of the Component Parts

60

(10)

Intelligibility and Severity of Dysarthria Ratings

70

(1)

Assessment of Feeding and Swallowing

70

(6)

The Infant and Young Child

71

(2)

The Older Child and Adult

73

(3)

Assessment of Drooling

76

(1)

History

76

(1)

Quantification of Drooling

77

(1)

Evaluation of Orofacial Structures

77

(1)

Evaluation of Swallow

77

(1)

Language Assessment

77

(3)

The Infant and Young Child

78

(1)

The Older Child and Adult

78

(2)

Considerations in Establishing a Prognosis

80

(5)

Natural History of the Disorder

82

(1)

Diagnostic Therapy

83

(1)

Level of Cognitive Function, Language Development, and Memory

83

(1)

Motivation

83

(1)

Availability of Appropriate Services

84

(1)

Presence of Other Disorders

84

(1)

SECTION 3: TREATMENT

85

(38)

Approaches to the Treatment of Dysarthria

85

(3)

The Neurodevelopmental Treatment Approach

85

(1)

Physiologic Approach

86

(1)

Nonspeech Approaches

87

(1)

Goals of Treatment

88

(2)

Frequency and Duration of Treatment

90

(1)

Treatment of Dysarthria

91

(13)

Positioning and Handling

91

(2)

Management of Respiratory Support

93

(2)

Management of Velopharyngeal Dysfunction

95

(3)

Management of Laryngeal Function

98

(1)

Management of Orofacial Function

99

(2)

New Directions in Treatment of Dysarthria

101

(1)

Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) Systems

102

(2)

Treatment of Feeding and Swallowing Disorders

104

(6)

Structural Differences

105

(1)

Neuromotor Involvement

106

(3)

Developmental Issues

109

(1)

Behavioral Issues

110

(1)

Treatment of Drooling

110

(6)

Conservative Management

111

(1)

Management of Posture

111

(1)

Management of Oral Motor Function and Swallow

111

(2)

Behavioral Management

113

(1)

Intraoral Appliances

113

(1)

Pharmacologic Management

114

(1)

Surgical Intervention

115

(1)

Treatment of Language Disorders

116

(3)

The Infant and Young Child

116

(2)

The Older Child and Adult

118

(1)

Treatment Outcomes

119

(4)

SECTION 4: CASE STUDIES

123

(14)

Topic I: Management of Abnormal Movement Patterns to Allow for More Normal Development

123

(4)

Case A: David---2 Years, 0 Months

124

(3)

Topic II: Use of a Bite Block in the Management of Dysarthria

127

(3)

Case B: Jackie---7 Years, 3 Months

127

(3)

Topic III: Management of Speech Breathing

130

(2)

Case C: Katy---13 Years, 4 Months

130

(2)

Topic IV: Management of Velopharyngeal Dysfunction

132

(5)

Case D: Michael---28 Years

133

(4)

APPENDIX A: GROSS MOTOR CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR CEREBRAL PALSY

137

(6)

APPENDIX B: ORAL MANOMETER

143

(2)

APPENDIX C: AN ``AROUND-THE-HOUSE'' MANOMETER

145

(2)

APPENDIX D: DESENSITIZATION PROCEDURES

147

(2)

APPENDIX E: JAW CONTROL TECHNIQUE

149

(2)

GLOSSARY

151

(6)

RESOURCES

157

(4)

Reading List by Topic

157

(1)

Organizations

158

(3)

References

161

(14)

Index

175

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Cerebral Palsy Resource Guide for Speech-Language Pathologists

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

FREE SHIPPING

Rent More, Save More! Use code: BBRENTAL

5% off 1 book, 7% off 2 books, 10% off 3+ books

Cerebral Palsy Resource Guide for Speech-Language Pathologists

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Digital License