Chemical Thermodynamics Basic Concepts and

A completely updated, expanded edition of a longstanding and influential text on chemical thermodynamics Covers the logical foundations and interrelationships of thermodynamics and their application to problems that are commonly encountered by the chemist. Explanations of abstract concepts in a clear and simple, yet still rigorous fashion Logical arrangement of the material to facilitate learning, including worked out examples. Computational techniques, graphical, numerical, and analytical, are described fully and are used frequently, both in illustrative and in assigned problems.

Irving M. Klotz, PhD, deceased, was a noted expert in chemical thermodynamics and the physical chemistry of proteins. Dr. Klotz was elected to the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 1968 and the National Academy of Sciences in 1970. He joined the Northwestern faculty in 1940 and retired in 1986. Dr. Klotz was named a Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine in 1971 and published more than 200 scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals. He wrote Chemical Thermodynamics: Basic Theory and Methods in 1950. Dr. Rosenberg began working with him as coauthor with the third edition. ROBERT M. ROSENBERG, PhD, is Emeritus Professor of Chemistry at Lawrence University and an Adjunct Professor of Chemistry at Northwestern University.

Preface
Introduction
Origins of Chemical Thermodynamics
Objectives of Chemical Thermodynamics
Limitations of Classic Thermodynamics
References
Mathematical Preparation For Thermodynamics
Variables of Thermodynamics
Extensive and Intensive Quantities
Units and Conversion Factors
Analytic Methods
Partial Differentiation
Exact Differentials
Homogeneous Functions
Exercises
References
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Definitions
Temperature
Work
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy
Heat
General Form of the First Law
Exercises
References
Enthalpy, Enthalpy of Reaction, and Heat Capacity
Enthalpy
Definition
Relationship between Q v and Q p
Enthalpy of Reactions
Definitions and Conventions
Enthalpy as a State Function
Enthalpy of Formation from Enthalpy of Reaction
Enthalpy of Formation from Enthalpy of Combustion
Enthalpy of Transition from Enthalpy of Combustion
Enthalpy of Conformational Transition of a Protein from Indirect Calorimetric Measurements
Enthalpy of Solid-State Reaction from Measurements of Enthalpy of Solution
Bond Enthalpies
Definition of Bond Enthalpies
Calculation of Bond Enthalpies
Enthalpy of Reaction from Bond Enthalpies
Heat Capacity
Definition
Some Relationships between C p and C v
Heat Capacities of Gases
Heat Capacities of Solids
Heat Capacities of Liquids
Other Sources of Heat Capacity Data
Enthalpy of Reaction as a Function of Temperature
Analytic Method
Arithmetic Method
Graphical or Numerical Methods
Exercises
References
Applications of the First Law to Gases
Ideal Gases
Definition
Enthalpy as a Function of Temperature Only
Relationship Between C p and C v
Calculation of the Thermodynamic Changes in Expansion Processes
Real Gases
Equations of State
Joule-Thomson Effect
Calculations of Thermodynamic Quantities in Reversible Expansions
Exercises
References
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
The Need for a Second Law
The Nature of the Second Law
Natural Tendencies Toward Equilibrium
Statement of the Second Law
Mathematical Counterpart of the Verbal Statement
The Carnot Cycle
The Forward Cycle
The Reverse Cycle
Alternative Statement of the Second Law
Carnot's Theorem
The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
The Definition of S, the Entropy of a System
The Proof that S is a Thermodynamic Property
Any Substance in a Carnot Cycle
Any Substance in Any Reversible Cycle
Entropy S Depends Only on the State of the System
Entropy Changes in Reversible Processes
General Statement
Isothermal Reversible Changes
Adiabatic Reversible Changes
Reversible Phase Transitions
Isobaric Reversible Temperature Changes
Isochoric Reversible Temperature Changes
Entropy Changes in Irreversible Processes
Irreversible Isothermal Expansion of an Ideal Gas
Irreversible Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas
Irreversible Flow of Heat from a Higher Temperature to a Lower Temperature
Irreversible Phase Transitions
Irreversible Chemical Reactions
General Statement
General Equations for the Entropy of Gases
Entropy of the Ideal Gas
Entropy of a Real Gas
Temperature-Entropy Diagram
Entropy as an Index of Exh
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Chemical Thermodynamics Basic Concepts and Methods

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