Chemical Weapon Destruction in Russia Political, Legal, and Technical Aspects

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ISBN: 9780198295693 | 0198295693
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 2/18/1999

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A meeting of 30 experts was held in Bonn, Germany, in November 1996 to discuss various aspects of the destruction of chemical weapons in the Russian Federation. This volume, supported by the Volkswagen Foundation and produced in co-operation with the Bonn International Center for Conversion(BICC), reviews the Russian chemical weapon destruction efforts, the factors which have hindered them and the reasons why Russian ratification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) was postponed until 5 November 1997. The CWC entered into force on 29 April 1997, and the volume describes theeffect it has had thus far on Russia's chemical weapon destruction efforts. Information is also provided on CWC destruction requirements; Russia's chemical weapon destruction legislation, technologies and programme; foreign assistance to Russia; and Russia's choice of destruction technologies. SIPRI is an independent international institute for research into problems of peace and conflict, especially those of arms control and disarmament. It was established in 1966 to commemorate Sweden's 150 years of unbroken peace. SIPRI Chemical and Biological Warfare Studies is a series of occasional papers intended primarily for specialists in the field of CBW arms control and for people engaged in other areas of international relations or security affairs whose work could benefit from a deeper understanding of particularCBW matters. The papers originate in studies commissioned by SIPRI as input for subsequent non-specialist SIPRI publications Governing Board: Daniel Tarschys (Sweden); Oscar Aris Sanchez (Costa Rica); Marrack Goulding (UK); Ryukichi Imai (Japan); Catherine Kelleher (USA); Marjatta Rautio (Finland); Lothar Ruhl (Germany); Abdullah Toukan (Jordan); Adam Daniel Rotfeld (Poland). The BICC is an international research institute and clearing house focusing on conversion and disarmament.

Preface

Contributors

Acronyms and abbreviations

xiii

The Problems of Russian chemical weapon destruction

(13)

Natalya Kalinina

Introduction

(1)

Analysis of Russia's preparations for CW destruction

(7)

Problems associated with Russia's ratification of the CWC

(5)

Conclusions

(1)

Russia on the path towards chemical demilitarization

(16)

Alexander Chimiskyan

Introduction

(1)

Plans for chemical weapon destruction

(6)

Alternative CW destruction technologies and prospects of their implementation

(5)

Problems, the regions and ratification of the convention

(3)

Conclusions

(1)

Distribution of the Russian chemical weapon stockpile by storage site

(4)

Proposed deadlines and amounts for destruction of chemical weapon stockpiles in the Russian Federation

(2)

Distribution of Russian chemical agents by amount and type of storage

(1)

Expenditure items and financing for the destruction of chemical weapons

(6)

Russian and US safety standards for levels of CW agents in air

(1)

Russia's legal basis for chemical demilitarization

(17)

Igor Khripunov

Introduction

(1)

The scope of chemical demilitarization

(1)

Chemical demilitarization legislation: its structure and evolution

(1)

Parliamentary approval of chemical demilitarization legislation

(4)

Presidential decrees

(2)

The role of the executive branch

(1)

Other legislation related to chemical demilitarization

(6)

Conclusions

(1)

Chemical weapon destruction requirements of the CWC

(8)

John Hart

Introduction

(1)

Obligations for parties after entry into force

(1)

Order of destruction

(3)

Discussion

(3)

Destruction of category 1 chemical weapons

(1)

Destruction of category 2 and 3 chemical weapons

(4)

Destruction or conversion of Russian chemical weapon production facilties

(20)

John A. Gilbert

Harvey W. Hubbard

Robert F. Pruszkowski

Mark Felipe

Introduction

(1)

CWC requirements affecting production facility destruction or conversion

(7)

Key factors affecting the Russian CW production facility destruction programme

(3)

Potential solutions

(1)

Verification of production facility destruction and conversion

(3)

International assistance

(1)

Preparing an effective destruction programme

(3)

Conclusions

(1)

Average percentage of production capacity required to be destroyed per year after entry into force of the Chemical Weapons Convention

(1)

Average percentage of production capacity required to be destroyed per year after accession by a party to the Chemical Weapons Convention

(9)

Comparison of inspection requirements for CW production facilities awaiting destruction and for converted facilities

(2)

A proposed inspection scheme to provide high-confidence verification of compliance at converted CW production facilities

(2)

Potential Categories and sources of international assistance for destruction or conversion

Representative order of destruction for an original party to the Chemical Weapons Convention

(2)

Representative order of destruction for a party to the Chemical Weapons Convention that begins destruction of chemical weapon production facilities two years after entry into force of the convention

(3)

Time-lines for approval of individual chemical weapon production facility destruction and conversion plans

(11)

A process for developing an effective chemical weapon production facility destruction or conversion programme

(2)

Chemical weapon destruction technologies for the Russian CW stockpile

(19)

Thomas Stock

Introduction

(1)

CWC requirements for chemical weapon destruction

(1)

Options for CW disposal

(7)

Designing a disposal operation

(5)

Options for the destruction of Russian CW agents

(3)

Conclusions

(2)

Distribution of Russian CW agents by type of storage

(2)

Overview of CW destruction campaigns, 1967-94

(1)

Summary of US Army chemical agent and munition destruction 1972-98

(5)

Chemical formulas of Russian CW agents that can be incinerated

(6)

Chemical formulas for lewisite destruction

(1)

Chemical formulas for mustard agent destruction

(1)

Chemical reactions for nerve agent destruction

(1)

Thermal reactions for nerve agent destruction

(1)

Risks posed by the chemical weapon stockpile in the Udmurt Republic

(9)

Vladimir Kolodkin

Introduction

(1)

Risk assessment

(4)

Accident scenarios

(4)

Conclusions

102

(1)

Predicted frequency of accidents at chemical weapon storage facilities

(2)

Models to assess risk of accident

(1)

Radii of area of lethal effect at an R = 10-6 magnitude of risk at the Kambarka CW arsenal

(1)

Radii of the area affected by a 320 m3 lewisite spill at various magnitudes of risk at the Kambarka CW arsenal

(1)

Radii of area of lethal effect at R = 10-2 and R = 10-6 magnitudes of risk when sarin and soman are released from artillery shells of various calibres at the Kizner CW arsenal

(1)

Quantity of storage tanks destroyed in an explosion at the Kambarka CW arsenal

100

(1)

Area of lethal effect in an explosion at the Kambarka CW arsenal at various magnitudes of risk

100

(1)

Characteristics of contaminated areas in an explosion at the Kizner CW arsenal

101

(1)

Area of lethal effect in an explosion at the Kizner CW arsenal at various magnitudes of risk

101

(1)

Area of lethal effect in a fire at the Kambarka CW arsenal at various magnitudes of risk

101

(1)

Area where human activity would be affected in a fire at the Kambarka CW arsenal at R = 10-4 magnitude of risk

102

General scheme for predicting the consequences of an accident

(6)

The Russian-US joint evaluation of the Russian two-stage process for the destruction of nerve agents

103

(10)

Irina P. Beletskaya

Introduction

103

(1)

Two-phase evaluation of the Russian process

103

(2)

Criteria for the Russian process and the evaluation programme

105

(1)

Plans for further optimization of the CW destruction process

106

(1)

The Russian two-stage CW destruction process

107

(3)

Analysis methods

110

(1)

Independent peer review of the results

111

(1)

Conclusions

112

(1)

Criteria for judging the success of phases 1 and 2 of the Russian-US joint evaluation programme

105

(1)

Evaluation of the Russian two-stage CW destruction technology

106

(2)

Neutralization of G-agents

108

(1)

Bituminization of G-agents

109

(1)

US and Russian VX

109

(1)

Methylphosphonate esters formed during the reaction of RD-4 with US and Russian VX, respectively

110

(3)

The role of GosNIIOKhT in the Russian chemical weapon destruction programme

113

(9)

Vladislav Sheluchenko

Anton Utkin

Introduction

113

(1)

Requirements for destruction technology and design criteria

114

(2)

Two-stage technology

116

(3)

The Russian-US joint evaluation programme

119

(1)

The Russian-US programme for optimization of two-stage technology

120

(1)

Alternative technologies

121

(1)

Russian and US standards for maximum allowable concentration of various CW agents (mg/m3) in air

115

(7)

US assistance to Russia's chemical weapon destruction programme

122

(11)

Amy E. Smithson

Introduction

122

(1)

Assistance in increments

123

(5)

Expectations and political realities

128

(4)

Conclusions

132

(1)

Chemical weapon destruction in Russia: prospects for increasing assistance to local communities

133

(17)

Cynthia D. Miller

Introduction

133

(1)

Russian chemical demilitarization effors

134

(4)

Significant events

138

(1)

Concerns prior to ratification

139

(2)

Defining need

141

(1)

Possible sources of foreign assistance

142

(5)

Coordinating federal assistance programmes

147

(2)

Conclusions

149

(1)

Chemical weapon destruction at Gorny, Saratov oblast

142

(1)

Chemical weapon destruction at Kambarka, Udmurtia

143

(1)

Tacis funds committed to Russia for the national CW destruction programme, 1991-94

144

(6)

Annexe A. CWC definitions and terms

150

(9)

John Hart

SIPRI publications on CBW

159

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Chemical Weapon Destruction in Russia Political, Legal, and Technical Aspects

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