Chemicals in the Environment

Rising concern in recent years over the possible adverse environmental consequences of the use of chemicals has led to a steady increase in national activity towards greater regulation, in addition to voluntary agreements with manufacturers for risk management of certain products. This book begins by reviewing the current framework of legislation for the regulation of chemicals in the UK and then reports expert views on both the current situation and possible future developments. Subsequent chapters consider some of the scientific and technical issues, including the evaluation of the risks which chemicals can pose to human life and the environment, and the problems relating to evaluating the risks associated with metals in the environment. Finally, the predictive methods used to model the behaviour of organic chemicals within the environment are described.Highly topical, and with authoritative contributions from international experts, this book covers both the scientific underpinning and the legislative and practical issues of this emotive subject. The detailed coverage of a topic that affects many sectors of industry and society will make it popular with a wide audience of individuals from government organisations, industry or academic research - particularly those in environmental chemistry sectors.

The Current Regulation of Environmental Chemicals

1

(20)

John Garrod

1 Introduction

1

(1)

2 Protection of the Water Environment

2

(4)

3 Classification and Labelling of Chemicals

6

(1)

4 The Notification of New Substances Regulations

7

(1)

5 Existing Substances Regulations

8

(2)

6 New European Chemicals Policy (REACH)

10

(1)

7 Other European and UK Regulations on Chemicals

11

(2)

8 International Activities on Chemicals

13

(2)

9 Voluntary Approaches to Control of Chemicals in the Environment

15

(3)

References

18

(3)

Chemicals Risk Assessment and Management

21

(24)

Elliot G. Finer

1 Introduction

21

(3)

2 Types of Risk

24

(2)

3 Risks and Hazards

26

(3)

4 The Evidence for Harm Caused by Industrial Chemicals

29

(5)

5 Cost—Benefit

34

(2)

6 Perception of Chemical Risks and The Roles of the Advocates

36

(2)

7 The Problems in Controlling Risks from Chemicals

38

(1)

8 Industry Initiatives

39

(1)

9 REACH

40

(2)

10 Conclusions

42

(1)

References

43

(2)

Future Perspectives in Risk Assessment of Chemicals

45

(20)

Peter Floyd

1 Introduction

45

(4)

2 Difficulties in Risk Assessment

49

(5)

3 Current Developments

54

(5)

4 Future Perspectives

59

(2)

5 Conclusions

61

(1)

References

61

(4)

Assessing Risks to Human Health

65

(19)

Paul T.C. Harrison and Philip Holmes

1 Introduction

65

(1)

2 Chemical Hazard Assessment

66

(1)

3 Assessing Risk

67

(1)

4 Qualitative vs. Quantitative Risk Assessment

68

(2)

5 Role of Epidemiology

70

(2)

6 Use of Biomarkers for Exposure and Risk Assessment

72

(1)

7 Applications of Molecular Biology

73

(2)

8 Uncertainties in Human Health Risk Assessment and the Role of Expert Committees

75

(2)

9 The Changing Face of Chemical Regulation in Europe

77

(3)

10 Future Perspectives

80

(1)

References

80

(4)

Environmental Risk Assessment

84

(18)

Lorraine Maltby

1 What is Environmental Risk Assessment?

84

(5)

2 What are We Trying to Protect?

89

(4)

3 What is the EU Legislative Framework?

93

(3)

4 What are Some of the Challenges Associated with the Environmental Risk Assessment of Chemicals?

96

(3)

References

99

(3)

Risk Assessment of Metals in the Environment

102

(30)

Peter G.C. Campbell, Peter M. Chapman and Beverley A. Hale

1 Introduction

102

(1)

2 Ecological Risk Assessment

103

(1)

3 Comparison of Inorganic and Organic Contaminants

104

(3)

4 Problems with the Application of Traditional ERA Approaches to Metals

107

(16)

5 Conclusions

123

(3)

Acknowledgements

126

(1)

References

126

(6)

Partitioning, Persistence and Long-Range Transport of Chemicals in the Environment

132

(22)

Donald Mackay, Eva Webster and Todd Gouin

1 Introduction

132

(2)

2 Partitioning

134

(8)

3 Persistence

142

(6)

4 Long-Range Transport

148

(2)

5 Conclusions

150

(1)

Acknowledgements

150

(1)

References

150

(4)

Subject Index

154

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Chemicals in the Environment

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials