Chemistry

, by Zumdahl, Steven S.

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ISBN: 9780669417944 | 0669417947
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/18/1996

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Supplemental Materials

To the Professor

(6)

To the Student

xxi

(2)

About the Author

xxiii

Chapter 1 Chemical Foundations

(38)

1.1 Chemistry: An Overview

(2)

1.2 The Scientific Method

(2)

1.3 Units of Measurement

(4)

Chemical Impact Observations, Theories, and the Planets

(3)

1.4 Uncertainty in Measurement

(3)

1.5 Significant Figures and Calculations

(4)

1.6 Dimensional Analysis

(4)

1.7 Temperature

(4)

1.8 Density

(1)

1.9 Classification of Matter

(4)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Questions and Exercises

(7)

Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

(40)

2.1 The Early History of Chemistry

(1)

2.2 Fundamental Chemical Laws

(4)

2.3 Dalton's Atomic Theory

(2)

2.4 Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom

(5)

Chemical Impact Berzelius, Selenium, and Silicon

(4)

2.5 The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

(2)

2.6 Molecules and Ions

(3)

2.7 An Introduction to the Periodic Table

(2)

2.8 Naming Simple Compounds

(11)

Chemical Impact Buckminsterfullerene: A New Form of Carbon

(7)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(2)

Questions and Exercises

(6)

Chapter 3 Stoichiometry

(54)

3.1 Atomic Masses

(3)

3.2 The Mole

(4)

Chemical Impact Elemental Analysis Catches Elephant Poachers

(2)

3.3 Molar Mass

(4)

Chemical Impact Measuring the Masses of Large Molecules or Making Elephants Fly

(3)

3.4 Percent Composition of Compounds

(2)

3.5 Determining the Formula of a Compound

(7)

3.6 Chemical Equations

100

(2)

3.7 Balancing Chemical Equations

102

(5)

3.8 Stoichiometric Calculations: Amounts of Reactants and Products

107

(5)

Chemical Impact Sulfuric Acid: The Most Important Chemical

109

(3)

3.9 Calculations Involving a Limiting Reactant

112

(10)

Summary

122

(1)

Key Terms

123

(1)

Questions and Exercises

124

(9)

Chapter 4 Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

133

(54)

4.1 Water, the Common Solvent

134

(2)

4.2 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions. Strong and Weak Electrolytes

136

(5)

Chemical Impact Arrhenius, a Man with Solutions

140

(1)

4.3 The Composition of Solutions

141

(7)

4.4 Types of Chemical Reactions

148

(1)

4.5 Precipitation Reactions

148

(5)

4.6 Describing Reactions in Solution

153

(2)

4.7 Stoichiometry of Precipitation Reactions

155

(2)

4.8 Acid-Base Reactions

157

(7)

4.9 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

164

(7)

Chemical Impact Iron Zeroes in on Pollution

166

(5)

4.10 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations

171

(7)

Chemical Impact Aging: Does It Involve Oxidation?

172

(6)

Summary

178

(1)

Key Terms

179

(1)

Questions and Exercises

180

(7)

Chapter 5 Gases

187

(52)

5.1 Pressure

188

(2)

5.2 The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro

190

(6)

5.3 The Ideal Gas Law

196

(5)

5.4 Gas Stoichiometry

201

(4)

5.5 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures

205

(5)

Chemical Impact The Chemistry of Air Bags

207

(3)

Chemical Impact Scuba Diving

210

(1)

5.6 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

210

(8)

5.7 Effusion and Diffusion

218

(2)

5.8 Real Gases

220

(4)

5.9 Chemistry in the Atmosphere

224

(4)

Chemical Impact Acid Rain: A Growing Problem

226

(2)

Summary

228

(1)

Key Terms

229

(1)

Questions and Exercises

230

(9)

Chapter 6 Thermochemistry

239

(48)

6.1 The Nature of Energy

240

(6)

6.2 Enthalpy and Calorimetry

246

(8)

Chemical Impact Firewalking: Magic or Science?

252

(2)

6.3 Hess's Law

254

(3)

6.4 Standard Enthalpies of Formation

257

(8)

6.5 Present Sources of Energy

265

(5)

Chemical Impact Sulfur-Eating Bacteria Clean Up Coal

269

(1)

6.6 New Energy Sources

270

(7)

Chemical Impact Heat Packs

275

(1)

Chemical Impact Nature Has Hot Plants

276

(1)

Summary

277

(1)

Key Terms

278

(1)

Questions and Exercises

279

(8)

Chapter 7 Atomic Structure and Periodicity

287

(56)

7.1 Electromagnetic Radiation

288

(2)

Chemical Impact Flies that Dye

289

(1)

7.2 The Nature of Matter

290

(5)

Chemical Impact Solar Polar Bears

291

(4)

7.3 The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen

295

(2)

7.4 The Bohr Model

297

(5)

Chemical Impact Fireworks

300

(2)

7.5 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom

302

(3)

7.6 Quantum Numbers

305

(2)

7.7 Orbital Shapes and Energies

307

(1)

7.8 Electron Spin and the Pauli Principle

308

(2)

7.9 Polyelectronic Atoms

310

(2)

7.10 The History of the Periodic Table

312

(2)

7.11 The Aufbau Principle and the Periodic Table

314

(8)

7.12 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties

322

(6)

7.13 The Properties of a Group: The Alkali Metals

328

(5)

Chemical Impact Lithium: Behavior Medicine

332

(1)

Summary

333

(1)

Key Terms

334

(1)

Questions and Exercises

335

(8)

Chapter 8 Bonding: General Concepts

343

(64)

8.1 Types of Chemical Bonds

344

(3)

8.2 Electronegativity

347

(2)

8.3 Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments

349

(4)

8.4 Ions: Electron Configurations and Sizes

353

(4)

8.5 Formation of Binary Ionic Compounds

357

(5)

8.6 Partial Ionic Character of Covalent Bonds

362

(1)

8.7 The Covalent Chemical Bond: A Model

363

(3)

8.8 Covalent Bond Energies and Chemical Reactions

366

(4)

8.9 The Localized Electron Bonding Model

370

(1)

8.10 Lewis Structures

370

(4)

8.11 Exceptions to the Octet Rule

374

(4)

8.12 Resonance

378

(6)

8.13 Molecular Structure: The VSEPR Model

384

(12)

Chemical Impact Chemical Structure and Communication: Semiochemicals

394

(2)

Summary

396

(1)

Key Terms

397

(1)

Questions and Exercises

398

(9)

Chapter 9 Covalent Bonding: Orbitals

407

(36)

9.1 Hybridization and the Localized Electron Model

407

(13)

9.2 The Molecular Orbital Model

420

(4)

9.3 Bonding in Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules

424

(6)

9.4 Bonding in Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules

430

(2)

9.5 Combining the Localized Electron and Molecular Orbital Models

432

(2)

Summary

434

(1)

Key Terms

435

(1)

Questions and Exercises

436

(7)

Chapter 10 Liquids and Solids

443

(62)

10.1 Intermolecular Forces

444

(4)

10.2 The Liquid State

448

(2)

10.3 An Introduction to Structures and Types of Solids

450

(5)

10.4 Structure and Bonding in Metals

455

(7)

Chemical Impact Superconductivity

460

(2)

10.5 Carbon and Silicon: Network Atomic Solids

462

(6)

10.6 Molecular Solids

468

(2)

Chemical Impact Gallium Arsenide Lasers

470

(1)

10.7 Ionic Solids

470

(4)

10.8 Vapor Pressure and Changes of State

474

(8)

10.9 Phase Diagrams

482

(10)

Chemical Impact Making Diamonds at Low Pressures: Fooling Mother Nature

488

(1)

Chemical Impact Transistors and Printed Circuits

489

(1)

Chemical Impact Diamonds--A Computer's Best Friend?

490

(2)

Summary

492

(2)

Key Terms

494

(1)

Questions and Exercises

494

(11)

Chapter 11 Properties of Solutions

505

(44)

11.1 Solution Composition

506

(4)

Chemical Impact An Energy Solution

508

(2)

11.2 The Energies of Solution Formation

510

(5)

Chemical Impact Miracle Solvents

514

(1)

11.3 Factors Affecting Solubility

515

(5)

Chemical Impact Hydrogen Beer

517

(1)

Chemical Impact The Lake Nyos Tragedy

518

(2)

11.4 The Vapor Pressures of Solutions

520

(7)

11.5 Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression

527

(4)

11.6 Osmotic Pressure

531

(5)

11.7 Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions

536

(1)

11.8 Colloids

537

(3)

Chemical Impact Organisms and Ice Formation

538

(2)

Summary

540

(1)

Key Terms

541

(1)

Questions and Exercises

542

(7)

Chapter 12 Chemical Kinetics

549

(55)

12.1 Reaction Rates

551

(3)

12.2 Rate Laws: An Introduction

554

(3)

12.3 Determining the Form of the Rate Law

557

(4)

12.4 The Integrated Rate Law

561

(11)

12.5 Rate Laws: A Summary

572

(1)

12.6 Reaction Mechanisms

573

(3)

12.7 A Model for Chemical Kinetics

576

(6)

12.8 Catalysis

582

(7)

Chemical Impact Automobiles: Air Purifiers?

585

(1)

Chemical Impact Enzymes: Nature's Catalysts

586

(3)

Summary

589

(2)

Key Terms

591

(1)

Questions and Exercises

591

(10)

Chapter 13 Chemical Equilibrium

601

(46)

13.1 The Equilibrium Condition

602

(3)

13.2 The Equilibrium Constant

605

(5)

13.3 Equilibrium Expressions Involving Pressures

610

(3)

13.4 Heterogeneous Equilibria

613

(2)

13.5 Applications of the Equilibrium Constant

615

(10)

13.6 Solving Equilibrium Problems

625

(5)

13.7 Le Chatelier's Principle

630

(7)

Summary

637

(1)

Key Terms

638

(1)

Questions and Exercises

639

(8)

Chapter 14 Acids and Bases

647

(60)

14.1 The Nature of Acids and Bases

648

(2)

14.2 Acid Strength

650

(6)

14.3 The pH Scale

656

(2)

14.4 Calculating the pH of Strong Acid Solutions

658

(2)

14.5 Calculating the pH of Weak Acid Solutions

660

(10)

Chemical Impact Household Chemistry

667

(3)

14.6 Bases

670

(6)

Chemical Impact Amines

673

(3)

14.7 Polyprotic Acids

676

(7)

14.8 Acid-Base Properties of Salts

683

(6)

14.9 The Effect of Structure on Acid-Base Properties

689

(2)

14.10 Acid-Base Properties of Oxides

691

(1)

14.11 The Lewis Acid-Base Model

692

(3)

Chemical Impact Self-Destructing Paper

693

(2)

14.12 Strategy for Solving Acid-Base Problems: A Summary

695

(1)

Summary

696

(2)

Key Terms

698

(1)

Questions and Exercises

699

(8)

Chapter 15 Applications of Aqueous Equilibria

707

(70)

Acid-Base Equilibria

708

(36)

15.1 Solutions of Acids or Bases Containing a Common Ion

708

(2)

15.2 Buffered Solutions

710

(10)

15.3 Buffer Capacity

720

(4)

15.4 Titrations and pH Curves

724

(15)

15.5 Acid-Base Indicators

739

(5)

Solubility Equilibria

744

(16)

15.6 Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility Product

744

(10)

15.7 Precipitation and Qualitative Analysis

754

(6)

Complex Ion Equilibria

760

(7)

15.8 Equilibria Involving Complex Ions

760

(7)

Chemical Impact The Chemistry of Teeth

766

(1)

Summary

767

(1)

Key Terms

768

(1)

Questions and Exercises

769

(8)

Chapter 16 Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy

777

(44)

16.1 Spontaneous Processes and Entropy

779

(5)

16.2 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

784

(1)

16.3 The Effect of Temperature on Spontaneity

785

(3)

16.4 Free Energy

788

(3)

16.5 Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions

791

(4)

16.6 Free Energy and Chemical Reactions

795

(5)

16.7 The Dependence of Free Energy on Pressure

800

(4)

16.8 Free Energy and Equilibrium

804

(4)

16.9 Free Energy and Work

808

(3)

Summary

811

(1)

Key Terms

812

(1)

Questions and Exercises

813

(8)

Chapter 17 Electrochemistry

821

(50)

17.1 Galvanic Cells

822

(2)

17.2 Standard Reduction Potentials

824

(7)

17.3 Cell Potential, Electrical Work, and Free Energy

831

(4)

17.4 Dependence of Cell Potential on Concentration

835

(6)

17.5 Batteries

841

(2)

17.6 Corrosion

843

(4)

Chemical Impact Refurbishing the Lady

846

(1)

Chemical Impact Paint that Stops Rust--Completely

847

(1)

17.7 Electrolysis

847

(6)

Chemical Impact The Chemistry of Sunken Treasure

852

(1)

17.8 Commercial Electrolytic Processes

853

(7)

Chemical Impact Batteries of the Future

856

(4)

Summary

860

(2)

Key Terms

862

(1)

Questions and Exercises

863

(8)

Chapter 18 The Representative Elements: Groups 1A Through 4A

871

(26)

18.1 A Survey of the Representative Elements

872

(5)

18.2 The Group 1A Elements

877

(3)

18.3 Hydrogen

880

(2)

18.4 The Group 2A Elements

882

(3)

18.5 The Group 3A Elements

885

(2)

18.6 The Group 4A Elements

887

(4)

Chemical Impact Concrete Learning

889

(2)

Summary

891

(1)

Key Terms

892

(1)

Questions and Exercises

892

(5)

Chapter 19 The Representative Elements: Groups 5A Through 8A

897

(44)

19.1 The Group 5A Elements

898

(1)

19.2 The Chemistry of Nitrogen

899

(13)

Chemical Impact A Blanket of Nitrogen

905

(5)

Chemical Impact Nitrous Oxide: Laughing Gas that Propels Whipped Cream and Cars

910

(2)

19.3 The Chemistry of Phosphorus

912

(3)

19.4 The Group 6A Elements

915

(1)

19.5 The Chemistry of Oxygen

916

(2)

19.6 The Chemistry of Sulfur

918

(5)

19.7 The Group 7A Elements

923

(8)

Chemical Impact Photography

924

(6)

Chemical Impact Automatic Sunglasses

930

(1)

19.8 The Group 8A Elements

931

(2)

Summary

933

(1)

Key Terms

934

(1)

Questions and Exercises

935

(6)

Chapter 20 Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry

941

(54)

20.1 The Transition Metals: A Survey

942

(6)

20.2 The First-Row Transition Metals

948

(6)

Chemical Impact Titanium Makes Great Bicycles

950

(4)

20.3 Coordination Compounds

954

(5)

Chemical Impact Alfred Werner: Coordination Chemist

958

(1)

20.4 Isomerism

959

(6)

Chemical Impact The Importance of Being cis

962

(3)

20.5 Bonding in Complex Ions: The Localized Electron Model

965

(2)

20.6 The Crystal Field Model

967

(7)

Chemical Impact Transition Metal Ions Lend Color to Gems

972

(2)

20.7 The Biologic Importance of Coordination Complexes

974

(4)

20.8 Metallurgy and Iron and Steel Production

978

(8)

Summary

986

(2)

Key Terms

988

(1)

Questions and Exercises

989

(6)

Chapter 21 The Nucleus: A Chemist's View

995

(38)

21.1 Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay

996

(5)

21.2 The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay

1001

(4)

Chemical Impact Stellar Nucleosynthesis

1005

(1)

21.3 Nuclear Transformations

1005

(2)

21.4 Detection and Uses of Radioactivity

1007

(4)

21.5 Thermodynamic Stability of the Nucleus

1011

(4)

21.6 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion

1015

(7)

Chemical Impact Nuclear Power: Could It Stage a Comeback?

1019

(1)

Chemical Impact Nuclear Waste Disposal

1020

(2)

21.7 Effects of Radiation

1022

(4)

Chemical Impact Nuclear Physics: An Introduction

1024

(2)

Summary

1026

(1)

Key Terms

1027

(1)

Questions and Exercises

1027

(6)

Chapter 22 Organic Chemistry

1033

(52)

22.1 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons

1034

(8)

22.2 Alkenes and Alkynes

1042

(4)

22.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons

1046

(2)

22.4 The Petrochemical Industry

1048

(4)

22.5 Hydrocarbon Derivatives

1052

(6)

22.6 Polymers

1058

(4)

22.7 The Polymer Industry

1062

(11)

Chemical Impact Wallace Hume Carothers

1065

(7)

Chemical Impact The Mechanism of Methane Combustion

1072

(1)

Chemical Impact Plastic that Talks and Listens

1073

(1)

Summary

1073

(2)

Key Terms

1075

(1)

Questions and Exercises

1075

(10)

Chapter 23 Biochemistry

1085

23.1 Proteins

1087

(10)

23.2 Carbohydrates

1097

(5)

23.3 Nucleic Acids

1102

(5)

23.4 Lipids

1107

(6)

Chemical Impact The Chemistry of Vision

1112

(1)

Summary

1113

(1)

Key Terms

1114

(1)

Questions and Exercises

1115

Appendix 1 Mathematical Procedures

(12)

A1.1 Exponential Notation

(3)

A1.2 Logarithms

(2)

A1.3 Graphing Functions

(2)

A1.4 Solving Quadratic Equations

(2)

A1.5 Uncertainties in Measurements

A10

(3)

Appendix 2 The Quantitative Kinetic Molecular Model

A13

(4)

Appendix 3 Spectral Analysis

A17

(4)

Appendix 4 Selected Thermodynamic Data

A21

(3)

Appendix 5 Equilibrium Constants and Reduction Potentials

A24

(3)

A5.1 Values of K(a) for Some Common Monoprotic Acids

A24

(1)

A5.2 Stepwise Dissociation Constants for Several Common Polyprotic Acids

A24

(1)

A5.3 Values of K(b) for Some Common Weak Bases

A25

(1)

A5.4 K(sp) Values at 25(Degree)C for Common Ionic Solids

A25

(1)

A5.5 Standard Reduction Potentials at 25(Degree)C (298 K) for Many Common Half-Reactions

A26

(1)

Glossary

A27

(14)

Answers to Selected Exercises

A41

(26)

Photo Credits

A67

(2)

Index

A69

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Chemistry

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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