Chemistry and Biology of Hyaluronan

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ISBN: 9780080443829 | 0080443826
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/14/2004

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It was probably the French chemist Portes, who first reported in 1880 that the mucin in the vitreous body, which he named hyalomucine, behaved differently from other mucoids in cornea and cartilage. Fifty four years later Karl Meyer isolated a new polysaccharide from the vitreous, which he named hyaluronic acid. Today its official name is hyaluronan, and modern-day research on this polysaccharide continues to grow. Expertly written by leading scientists in the field, this book provides readers with a broad, yet detailed review of the chemistry of hyaluronan, and the role it plays in human biology and pathology. Twenty-seven chapters present a sequence leading from the chemistry and biochemistry of hyaluronan, followed by its role in various pathological conditions, to modified hylauronans as potential therapeutic agents and finally to the functional, structural and biological properties of hyaluronidases. Chemistry and Biology of Hyaluronan covers the many interesting facets of this fascinating molecule, and all chapters are intended to reach the wider research community.

Preface

vii

Contributors

1. Solution Properties of Hyaluronan

(20)

Tim Hardingham

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Historical Perspective

(3)

III. Fundamentals of Hyaluronan Properties

(1)

IV. Conformation of Hyaluronan in Solution

(2)

V. Concentration Dependence of Hyaluronan Self-Diffusion

(1)

VI. Effects of Electrolytes on Hyaluronan Solution Properties

(3)

VII. The Effects of Alkali pH on Hyaluronan Self-Diffusion and Tracer Diffusion in Hyaluronan Solutions

(3)

VIII. Temperature Dependence of Hyaluronan Self-Diffusion

(1)

IX. Effects of Urea on Hyaluronan Properties

(2)

X. Effects of Hyaluronan Oligosaccharides on Polymeric Hyaluronan Properties

(1)

XI. Conclusions

(5)

2. Methods for Analysis of Hyaluronan and Its Fragments

(20)

Ishan Capita and Ram Sasisekharan

I. Introduction

(2)

II. Biological Role of Hyaluronan and Its Fragments

(1)

III. Preparation and Isolation of Hyaluronan Oligomers

(5)

IV. Analysis and Characterization of Hyaluronan Oligomers

(6)

V. Summary and Conclusion

(6)

3. Methods for Determination of Hyaluronan Molecular Weight

(30)

Mary K. Cowman and Raniero Mendichi

I. Introduction

(1)

I1. Viscometry

(7)

III. Electrophoresis

(6)

IV. Light Scattering and Size Exclusion Chromatography

(16)

4. Biodegradation of Hyaluronan

(12)

Gunther Lepperdinger, Christine Fehrer and Stephan Reitinger

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Turnover in the Organism and Cellular Uptake

(8)

III. Summary and Conclusion

(4)

5. The Hyaluronan Receptor: CD44

(42)

Warren Knudson and Richard S. Peterson

I. Introduction

(2)

II. Structure of CD44 Primary Transcripts

(4)

III. Regulation of CD44 Expression

(1)

IV. Protein Structure of CD44

(7)

V. Cellular Functions of CD44

(13)

VI. Concluding Remarks

110

(15)

6. The Role of the Hyaluronan Receptor RHAMM in Wound Repair and Tumorigenesis 125

Cornelia Tölg, Sara R. Hamilton and Eva A. Turley

I. Introduction

125

(1)

II. Hyaluronan in Wound Repair and Cancer

126

(3)

III. RHAMM is an Atypical Hyaladherin

129

(2)

IV. Classification of RHAMM Protein Forms by Binding Properties and Structure

131

(5)

V. RHAMM Expression Influences Wound Repair and Tumor Progression

136

(6)

VI. Conclusions

142

(11)

7. Signal Transduction Associated with Hyaluronan

153

(36)

Regina M. Day and Marcella M. Mascarenhas

I. Introduction

153

(1)

II. CD44 Receptor

154

(10)

III. RHAMM Receptor

164

(4)

IV. Toll-like Receptor 4

168

(2)

V. Layilin

170

(1)

VI. PH-20 Hyaluronidase and HA Receptor

171

(1)

VII. The LYVE-1 and HARE Receptors for HA Endocytosis and Degradation

172

(2)

VIII. Summary and Conclusions

174

(15)

8. Structural and Functional Diversity of Hyaluronan-Binding Proteins

189

(16)

Charles D. Blundell, Nicholas T. Seyfried and Anthony J. Day

I. Introduction

189

(2)

II. The Link Module Superfamily

191

(5)

III. Insights into the Molecular Basis of HA Binding

196

(4)

IV. Summary

200

(5)

9. Biological Function of SHAP-Hyaluronan Covalent Complex

205

(18)

Lisheng Zhuo, Li Shen, Tsunemasa Nonogaki, Jiwen Wu, Naoki Itano, Hideto Watanabe and Koji Kimata

I. Introduction

205

(2)

II. Formation of the SHAP-Hyaluronan Complex

207

(2)

III. Physiological Significance of the SHAP-Hyaluronan Complex

209

(2)

IV. SHAP-Hyaluronan Complex in Disease

211

(5)

IV. Future Prospects

216

(7)

10. Hyaluronan and Associated Proteins in the Visual System

223

(24)

Masahiro Zako and Masahiko Yoneda

1. Introduction

223

(1)

II. Physiological Role of Hyaluronan and Its Binding Proteins in Ocular Tissues

223

(9)

III. Ocular Diseases Involving Hyaluronan and Its Binding Proteins

232

(3)

IV. Summary and Conclusion

235

(12)

11. Hyaluronan in the Pulmonary Alveolus and Interstitium

247

(24)

Bonnie Anderson Bray

I. Introduction

247

(2)

II. Lung Hyaluronan (HA)

249

(3)

III. Hyaluronan Oligosaccharides

252

(3)

IV. Hyaluronan in the Alveolus

255

(3)

V. Hyaluronan in the Pulmonary Interstitium

258

(3)

VI. Conclusion

261

(10)

12. Hyaluronan in Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury

271

(14)

Hari G. Garg, Deborah A. Quinn, Marcella M. Mascarenhas and Charles A. Hales

I. Introduction

271

(1)

II. Hyaluronan

271

(4)

III. Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury

275

(4)

IV. Conclusion

279

(6)

13. The Role of Hyaluronan in Cancer

285

(22)

Sonal Patel and Martin J. Page

I. Introduction

285

(1)

II. Clinical Indications of Hyaluronan in Cancer

286

(2)

III. Hyaluronan in Cancer Biology: Expression of Hyaluronan Receptors

288

(1)

IV. Hyaluronan in Cancer Biology: Role of Hyaluronan in Adhesion, Migration, and Invasion of Cancer

289

(3)

V. Interaction of Hyaluronan with the Extracellular Matrix

292

(1)

VI. Hyaluronan and Angiogenesis

293

(1)

VII. Hyaluronan-Mediated Signalling Mechanisms in Cancer

294

(2)

VIII. Manipulation of HA Function as Potential Therapeutic Strategies

296

(11)

14. Hyaluronan in Atherosclerosis and Restenosis

307

(16)

Thomas N. Wight, Stephen Evanko, Frank Kolodgie, Andrew Farb and Renu Virmani

I. Introduction

307

(1)

II. Hyaluronan in Atherosclerosis

308

(2)

III. Hyaluronan in Restenosis

310

(4)

IV. Hyaluronan in Other Vascular Diseases

314

(1)

V. Conclusions

315

(8)

15. Hyaluronan in the Airways

323

(16)

Rosanna Forteza, Gregory E. Conner and Matthias Salathe

I. Introduction

323

(1)

II. Airway Hyaluronan: General Aspects

324

(1)

III. Airways Host Defence and Hyaluronan

325

(1)

IV. Tissue Kallikrein and Hyaluronan: Interaction and Enzyme Inhibition

326

(1)

V. Hyaluronan Serves as an Anchor for Secreted Proteins, Preventing Their Removal by Mucociliary Clearance

327

(1)

VI. Receptor for Hyaluronan-Mediated Motility is Expressed at the Apical Border of Epithelial Cells

328

(1)

VII. Ciliary Beating and Hyaluronan

328

(1)

VIII. Hyaluronan Size and Airway Pathophysiology

329

(2)

IX. Concluding Remarks and Outlook

331

(8)

16. Hyaluronan Biology in Vocal Fold Morphology and Biomechanics

339

(12)

Susan L. Thibeault

I. Introduction

339

(1)

II. Hyaluronan Localization in the Vocal Fold

340

(2)

III. Hyaluronan Localization in Vocal Fold Pathologies

342

(1)

IV. Biomechanical Properties of Hyaluronan

342

(3)

V. Therapeutic Uses of Hyaluronan in the Vocal Folds

345

(2)

VI. In Vivo Alteration of Hyaluronan Production

347

(1)

VII. Future Directions

348

(3)

17. Hyaluronan in Aging

351

(16)

Maria O. Longas

I. Introduction

351

(2)

II. Hyaluronan Structures in Solution: Relevance to Tissue Biologic Functions and Aging

353

(6)

III. Summary and Conclusion

359

(8)

18. Hyaluronan and Scarring

367

(28)

Andrew Burd

I. Introduction

367

(1)

II. Wound Healing

368

(2)

III. Hyaluronan and Wound Healing -Hypotheses

370

(1)

IV. Perfect Skin

371

(1)

V. Properties of Hyaluronan

372

(2)

VI. Role of Hyaluronan in Scarring

374

(2)

VII. Medical Applications

376

(1)

VIII. Hyaluronan Derivatives

377

(5)

IX. Hyaluronan, Wound Healing and Scarring: A New Perspective

382

(13)

19. Hyaluronan in the Epidermis and Other Epithelial Tissues

395

(20)

Raija H. Tammi and Markku L Tanumi

I. Introduction

395

(1)

II. Epidermal Hyaluronan

395

(4)

III. Hyaluronan in Epidermal Appendices and Other Derivatives of Ectodermal Epithelium

399

(1)

IV. Gastrointestinal and Respiratory Epithelium

400

(3)

V. Genital and Urinary Tracts and Mesothelial Cells as Hyaluronan Producers

403

(2)

VI. Epithelial Barrier Function and Hyaluronan

405

(1)

VII. Hyaluronan in Wound Healing

405

(1)

VIII. The Role of Hyaluronan in Transformation and Spreading of Malignant Epithelial Cells

406

(1)

IX. Summary and Conclusions

407

(8)

20. Viscoelastic Properties of Hyaluronan and Its Therapeutic Use

415

(42)

Endre A. Balazs

I. Elastoviscosity of Hyaluronan Solutions

415

(5)

II. Therapeutic Applications

420

(1)

III. Viscosurgery

421

(3)

IV. Viscoaug mentation

424

(3)

V. Viscoseparation

427

(2)

VI. Viscosupplementation

429

(10)

VII. Viscoprotection

439

(3)

VIII. Drug Delivery with Hyaluronan

442

(1)

IX. Hyaluronan in Matrix and Tissue Engineering

443

(14)

21. Medical Applications of Hyaluronan

457

(18)

Akira Asari

I. Introduction

457

(1)

II. Applications of Physicochemical Properties of Hyaluronan

458

(2)

III. Application of Cell Biological Functions of Hyaluronan

460

(1)

IV. Applications of Both Physicochemical Properties and Cell Biological Functions of Hyaluronan

461

(7)

V. Conclusions

468

(7)

22. Therapeutic Biomaterials from Chemically Modified Hyaluronan

475

(30)

Xiao Zheng Shu and Glenn D. Prestwich

I. Introduction

475

(1)

II. Chemical Modifications

476

(7)

III. Hyaluronan-Based Biomaterials

483

(11)

VI. Conclusions

494

(11)

23. Medicinal Uses of Modified Hyaluronate

505

(24)

Robert J. Miller and Luis Z. Avila

I. Introduction

505

(2)

II. Surgical Adhesion Reduction

507

(6)

III. Tissue Augmentation

513

(1)

IV. Conjugation of Therapeutic Agents of Hyaluronate

514

(4)

V. Summary and Conclusion

518

(11)

24. Hyaluronan in the Treatment of Ocular Surface Disorders

529

(24)

Pasquale Aragona

I. Introduction

529

(5)

II. Hyaluronan and Ocular Surface

534

(3)

III. Hyaluronan as a Tear Substitute

537

(1)

IV. Hyaluronan Administration on the Ocular Surface

538

(6)

V. Other Uses of Hyaluronan in Ocular Surface Disorders

544

(1)

VI. Summary and Conclusions

545

(8)

25. The Hyaluronan Synthases

553

(16)

Paul K Weigel

I. Introduction

553

(1)

II. Molecular Size and Biology of Hyaluronan

554

(1)

III. Hyaluronan Synthesis by Hyaluronan Synthases

555

(2)

IV. Topological Organization of the Hyaluronan Synthase Proteins

557

(1)

V. Molecular Size of Functional Hyaluronan Synthases

558

(1)

VI. Purification of Hyaluronan Synthases

558

(2)

VII. The Class I Hyaluronan Synthases Polymerize Hyaluronan by Addition to the Reducing End

560

(2)

VIII. Are Hyaluronan Synthases Processive?

562

(1)

IX. Size Distributions of Hyaluronan Products Made by Hyaluronan Synthases

563

(1)

X. Summary and Conclusions

564

(5)

26. Molecular Genetic Dissection of Hyaluronan Function in the Mouse

569

(16)

Andrew P. Spicer and Janet Y. Lee Tien

I. Introduction

569

(2)

II. Hyaluronan Synthases

571

(1)

III. Hyaluronan Synthases Gene Expression

571

(2)

IV. Hyaluronan Synthase 2 Null Allele

573

(3)

V. Hyaluronan Synthase 3 Null Allele

576

(1)

VI. Hyaluronan Synthase 2 Conditional Gene Knockout

577

(2)

VII. Summary and Conclusion

579

(6)

27. Functional, Structural and Biological Properties of Hyaluronidases

585

(14)

Gunter Lepperdinger and Gunther Kreil

I. Introduction

585

(1)

II. Mammalian-Type Hyaluronidase

585

(6)

III. Bacterial Hyaluronidase

591

(2)

IV. Summary and Conclusion

593

(6)

Index

599

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Chemistry and Biology of Hyaluronan

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Chemistry and Biology of Hyaluronan

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