Chemistry : The Central Science

, by Brown, Theodore L.; Lemay, H. Eugene; Bursten, Bruce E.

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

ISBN: 9780135334805 | 0135334802
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/1/1997

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The #1 best-selling general chemistry text. Known for the solid basics that comprise its core: engaging and clear writing; a comprehensive and balanced problem-solving program; and an emphasis on showing that chemistry is the central science by introducing students to interesting and relevant chemical applications. The 7/e introduces a dynamic new illustration program, new problem-solving material, and the most innovative and integrated suite of multimedia products available today.

Chemical Applications and Essays

xvii

Preface

xix

A Student's Guide to Using this Text

xxvii

About the Authors

xxxi

Introduction: Matter and Measurement

(36)

The Study of Chemistry

(4)

The Molecular Perspective of Chemistry

(1)

Why Study Chemistry?

(3)

Classification of Matter

(6)

States of Matter

(1)

Pure Substances and Mixtures

(2)

Separation of Mixtures

(1)

Elements

(1)

Compounds

(1)

Properties of Matter

(3)

Physical and Chemical Changes

(3)

Units of Measurement

(7)

SI Units

(1)

Length and Mass

(1)

Temperature

(2)

Derived SI Units

(1)

Volume

(1)

Density

(4)

Uncertainty in Measurement

(4)

Precision and Accuracy

(1)

Significant Figures

(1)

Significant Figures in Calculations

(2)

Dimensional Analysis

(12)

Summary of Dimensional Analysis

(3)

Summary and Key Terms

(1)

Exercises

(6)

Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

(34)

The Atomic Theory of Matter

(1)

The Discovery of Atomic Structure

(5)

Cathode Rays and Electrons

(2)

Radioactivity

(1)

The Nuclear Atom

(2)

The Modern View of Atomic Structure

(3)

Isotopes, Atomic Numbers, and Mass Numbers

(1)

The Periodic Table

(3)

Molecules and Molecular Compounds

(3)

Molecules and Chemical Formulas

(1)

Molecular and Empirical Formulas

(1)

Picturing Molecules

(1)

Ions and Ionic Compounds

(5)

Predicting Ionic Charges

(1)

Ionic Compounds

(3)

Naming Inorganic Compounds

(14)

Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds

(4)

Names and Formulas of Acids

(1)

Names and Formulas of Binary Molecular Compounds

(1)

Summary and Key Terms

(1)

Exercises

(6)

Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations

(36)

Chemical Equations

(3)

Patterns of Chemical Reactivity

(4)

Using the Periodic Table

(1)

Combustion in Air

(1)

Combinations and Decomposition Reactions

(2)

Atomic and Molecular Weights

(3)

The Atomic Mass Scale

(1)

Average Atomic Masses

(1)

Formula and Molecular Weights

(1)

Percentage Composition from Formulas

(1)

The Mole

(5)

Molar Mass

(2)

Interconverting Masses, Moles, and Numbers of Particles

(2)

Empirical Formulas from Analyses

(4)

Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula

(1)

Combustion Analysis

(1)

Quantitative Information from Balanced Equations

(3)

Limiting Reactants

(14)

Theoretical Yields

(1)

Summary and Key Terms

(1)

Exercises

(8)

Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

107

(38)

Solution Composition

107

(5)

Molarity

107

(3)

Dilution

110

(2)

Properties of Solutes in Aqueous Solution

112

(3)

Ionic Compounds in Water

113

(1)

Molecular Compounds in Water

114

(1)

Strong and Weak Electrolytes

115

(1)

Acids, Bases, and Salts

115

(4)

Acids

116

(1)

Bases

116

(1)

Strong and Weak Acids and Bases

117

(1)

Neutralization Reactions and Salts

118

(1)

Ionic Equations

119

(2)

Metathesis Reactions

121

(7)

Precipitation Reactions

122

(1)

Solubility Guidelines for Ionic Compounds

122

(2)

Reactions in Which a Weak Electrolyte or Nonelectrolyte Forms

124

(2)

Reactions in Which a Gas Forms

126

(2)

Introduction to Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

128

(5)

Oxidation and Reduction

129

(1)

Oxidation of Metals by Acids and Salts

129

(1)

The Activity Series

130

(3)

Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis

133

(12)

Titrations

136

(2)

Summary and Key Terms

138

(1)

Exercises

139

(6)

Thermochemistry

145

(38)

The Nature of Energy

145

(2)

Kinetic and Potential Energy

146

(1)

Energy Units

146

(1)

Systems and Surroundings

147

(1)

The First Law of Thermodynamics

147

(4)

Internal Energy

148

(1)

Relating ΔE to Heat and Work

148

(1)

Endothermic and Exothermic Processes

149

(1)

State Functions

150

(1)

Enthalpy

151

(3)

Enthalpies of Reactions

154

(2)

Calorimetry

156

(6)

Heat Capacity and Specific Heat

157

(2)

Constant-Pressure Calorimetry

159

(1)

Bomb Calorimetry (Constant-Volume Calorimetry)

160

(2)

Hess's Law

162

(2)

Enthalpies of Formation

164

(6)

Using Enthalpies of Formation to Calculate Enthalpies of Reaction

165

(5)

Foods and Fuels

170

(13)

Foods

172

(1)

Other Energy Sources

173

(1)

Summary and Key Terms

174

(1)

Exercises

175

(8)

Electronic Structure of Atoms

183

(40)

The Wave Nature of Light

183

(2)

Quantized Energy and Photons

185

(4)

The Photoelectric Effect

187

(2)

Bohr's Model of the Hydrogen Atom

189

(5)

Line Spectra

189

(1)

Bohr's Model

190

(4)

The Wave Behavior of Matter

194

(1)

The Uncertainty Principle

195

(1)

Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Orbitals

195

(4)

Orbitals and Quantum Numbers

197

(2)

Representations of Orbitals

199

(3)

The s Orbitals

200

(1)

The p Orbitals

201

(1)

The d and f Orbitals

201

(1)

Orbitals in Many-Electron Atoms

202

(4)

Effective Nuclear Charge

203

(1)

Energies of Orbitals

203

(1)

Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle

204

(2)

Electron Configurations

206

(5)

Periods 1, 2, and 3

206

(4)

Period 4 and Beyond

210

(1)

Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table

211

(12)

Summary and Key Terms

215

(2)

Exercises

217

(6)

Periodic Properties of the Elements

223

(32)

Development of the Periodic Table

223

(2)

Electron Shells and the Sizes of Atoms

225

(4)

Electron Shells in Atoms

225

(1)

Atomic Sizes

226

(3)

Ionization Energy

229

(3)

Periodic Trends in Ionization Energies

230

(2)

Electron Affinities

232

(2)

Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

234

(5)

Metals

235

(2)

Nonmetals

237

(1)

Metalloids

238

(1)

Group Trends for the Active Metals

239

(4)

The Alkali Metals

239

(2)

The Alkaline Earth Metals

241

(2)

Group Trends for Selected Nonmetals

243

(12)

Hydrogen

243

(1)

The Oxygen Family

244

(1)

The Halogens

245

(1)

The Noble Gases

246

(2)

Summary and Key Terms

248

(1)

Exercises

249

(6)

Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding

255

(40)

Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule

255

(1)

Ionic Bonding

256

(7)

Energetics of Ionic Bond Formation

258

(1)

Electron Configuration of Ions of the Representative Elements

259

(3)

Transition-Metal Ions

262

(1)

Polyatomic Ions

262

(1)

Size of Ions

263

(1)

Covalent Bonding

264

(2)

Multiple Bonds

266

(1)

Bond Polarity and Electronegativity

266

(3)

Electronegativity

267

(1)

Electronegativity and Bond Polarity

268

(1)

Drawing Lewis Structures

269

(4)

Formal Charge

271

(2)

Resonance Structures

273

(3)

Resonance in Benzene

275

(1)

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

276

(3)

Odd Number of Electrons

276

(1)

Less Than an Octet

276

(1)

More Than an Octet

277

(2)

Strengths of Covalent Bonds

279

(5)

Bond Enthalpies and the Enthalpies of Reactions

280

(2)

Bond Strength and Bond Length

282

(2)

Oxidation Numbers

284

(11)

Oxidation Numbers and Nomenclature

287

(1)

Summary and Key Terms

287

(2)

Exercises

289

(6)

Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories

295

(48)

Molecular Shapes

295

(1)

The VSEPR Model

296

(9)

Predicting Molecular Geometries

297

(3)

The Effect of Nonbonding Electrons and Multiple Bonds on Bond Angles

300

(3)

Molecules with Expanded Valence Shells

303

(1)

Molecules with More than One Central Atom

304

(1)

Polarity of Molecules

305

(4)

Dipole Moments of Polyatomic Molecules

307

(2)

Covalent Bonding and Orbital Overlap

309

(2)

Hybrid Orbitals

311

(6)

sp Hybrid Orbitals

311

(2)

sp2 and sp3 Hybrid Orbitals

313

(1)

Hybridization Involving d Orbitals

314

(1)

Summary

315

(2)

Multiple Bonds

317

(7)

Delocalized π Bonding

320

(3)

General Conclusions

323

(1)

Molecular Orbitals

324

(3)

The Hydrogen Molecule

324

(2)

Bond Order

326

(1)

Second-Row Diatomic Molecules

327

(16)

Molecular Orbitals for Li2 and Be2

327

(2)

Molecular Orbitals from 2p Atomic Orbitals

329

(1)

Electron Configurations for B2 through Ne2

330

(2)

Electron Configurations and Molecular Properties

332

(3)

Summary and Key Terms

335

(1)

Exercises

336

(7)

Gases

343

(40)

Characteristics of Gases

343

(1)

Pressure

344

(5)

Atmospheric Pressure and the Barometer

344

(2)

Properties of Enclosed Gases and Manometers

346

(3)

The Gas Laws

349

(3)

The Pressure-Volume Relationship: Boyle's Law

349

(1)

The Temperature-Volume Relationship: Charles's Law

350

(1)

The Quantity-Volume Relationship: Avogadro's Law

351

(1)

The Ideal-Gas Equation

352

(5)

Relationship Between the Ideal-Gas Equation and the Gas Laws

354

(3)

Further Applications of the Ideal-Gas Equation

357

(3)

Gas Densities and Molar Mass

357

(2)

Volumes of Gases in Chemical Reactions

359

(1)

Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures

360

(4)

Partial Pressures and Mole Fractions

361

(1)

Collecting Gases Over Water

362

(2)

Kinetic-Molecular Theory

364

(3)

Application to the Gas Laws

366

(1)

Molecular Effusion and Diffusion

367

(3)

Graham's Law of Effusion

368

(2)

Diffusion and Mean Free Path

370

(1)

Real Gases: Deviations From Ideal Behavior

370

(13)

The van der Waals Equation

372

(2)

Summary and Key Terms

374

(1)

Exercises

375

(8)

Intermolecular Forces, Liquids, and Solids

383

(40)

A Molecular Comparison of Liquids and Solids

383

(2)

Intermolecular Forces

385

(8)

Ion-Dipole Forces

385

(1)

Dipole-Dipole Forces

386

(1)

London Dispersion Forces

386

(3)

Hydrogen Bonding

389

(3)

Comparing Intermolecular Forces

392

(1)

Some Properties of Liquids

393

(1)

Viscosity

394

(1)

Surface Tension

394

(1)

Phase Changes

394

(5)

Energy Changes Accompanying Phase Changes

395

(1)

Heating Curves

396

(2)

Critical Temperature and Pressure

398

(1)

Vapor Pressure

399

(3)

Explaining Vapor Pressure on the Molecular Level

399

(1)

Volatility, Vapor Pressure, and Temperature

400

(1)

Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point

401

(1)

Phase Diagrams

402

(2)

The Phase Diagrams of H2O and CO2

403

(1)

Structures of Solids

404

(7)

Unit Cells

405

(1)

The Crystal Structure of Sodium Chloride

406

(2)

Close Packing of Spheres

408

(3)

Bonding in Solids

411

(12)

Molecular Solids

411

(1)

Covalent-Network Solids

412

(1)

Ionic Solids

413

(1)

Metallic Solids

414

(1)

Summary and Key Terms

415

(1)

Exercises

416

(7)

Modern Materials

423

(30)

Liquid Crystals

423

(5)

Types of Liquid-Crystalline Phases

424

(4)

Polymers

428

(9)

Types of Polymers

432

(1)

Structures and Physical Properties of Polymers

432

(3)

Crosslinking Polymers

435

(2)

Ceramics

437

(5)

Processing of Ceramics

438

(1)

Ceramic Composites

439

(1)

Applications of Ceramics

440

(1)

Superconducting Ceramics

440

(2)

Thin Films

442

(11)

Uses of Thin Films

443

(1)

Formation of Thin Films

444

(3)

Summary and Key Terms

447

(1)

Exercises

447

(6)

Properties of Solutions

453

(38)

The Solution Process

453

(5)

Energy Changes and Solution Formation

454

(2)

Solution Formation, Spontaneity, and Disorder

456

(1)

Solution Formation and Chemical Reactions

457

(1)

Ways of Expressing Concentration

458

(4)

Mole Fraction, Molarity, and Molality

459

(3)

Saturated Solutions and Solubility

462

(1)

Factors Affecting Solubility

463

(6)

Solute-Solvent Interactions

463

(2)

Pressure Effects

465

(2)

Temperature Effects

467

(2)

Colligative Properties

469

(10)

Lowering the Vapor Pressure

469

(1)

Raoult's Law

470

(2)

Boiling-Point Elevation

472

(1)

Freezing-Point Depression

473

(2)

Osmosis

475

(1)

Determination of Molar Mass

476

(3)

Colloids

479

(12)

Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloids

480

(1)

Removal of Colloidal Particles

481

(2)

Summary and Key Terms

483

(1)

Exercises

484

(7)

Chemical Kinetics

491

(48)

Reaction Rates

492

(5)

Rates in Terms of Concentrations

494

(2)

Reaction Rates and Stoichiometry

496

(1)

The Dependence of Rate on Concentration

497

(4)

Reaction Order

499

(1)

Units of Rate Constants

499

(1)

Using Initial Rates to Determine Rate Laws

500

(1)

The Change of Concentration with Time

501

(6)

First-Order Reactions

502

(2)

Half-life

504

(1)

Second-Order Reactions

505

(2)

Temperature and Rate

507

(6)

The Collision Model

507

(1)

Activation Energy

508

(3)

The Arrhenius Equation

511

(2)

Reaction Mechanisms

513

(8)

Elementary Steps

515

(1)

Rate Laws of Elementary Steps

516

(2)

Rate Laws of Multistep Mechanisms

518

(1)

Mechanisms with an Initial Fast Step

519

(2)

Catalysis

521

(18)

Homogeneous Catalysis

521

(1)

Heterogeneous Catalysis

522

(2)

Enzymes

524

(5)

Summary and Key Terms

529

(1)

Exercises

530

(9)

Chemical Equilibrium

539

(34)

The Concept of Equilibrium

540

(3)

The Equilibrium Constant

543

(5)

Expressing Equilibrium Constants in Terms of Pressure, Kp

546

(1)

The Magnitude of Equilibrium Constants

546

(1)

The Direction of the Chemical Equation and K

547

(1)

Heterogeneous Equilibria

548

(2)

Calculating Equilibrium Constants

550

(3)

Relating Kc and Kp

552

(1)

Applications of Equilibrium Constants

553

(4)

Predicting the Direction of Reaction

553

(1)

Calculation of Equilibrium Concentrations

554

(3)

Le Chatelier's Principle

557

(16)

Change in Reactant or Product Concentrations

557

(1)

Effects of Volume and Pressure Changes

558

(2)

Effect of Temperature Changes

560

(3)

The Effect of Catalysts

563

(2)

Summary and Key Terms

565

(1)

Exercises

566

(7)

Acid-Base Equilibria

573

(48)

Acids and Bases: A Brief Review

573

(1)

The Dissociation of Water

574

(2)

The Proton in Water

575

(1)

The pH Scale

576

(4)

Other ``p'' Scales

579

(1)

Measuring pH

579

(1)

Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

580

(5)

Proton-Transfer Reactions

580

(1)

Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

581

(2)

Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases

583

(2)

Strong Acids and Bases

585

(2)

Strong Acids

585

(1)

Strong Bases

586

(1)

Weak Acids

587

(9)

Calculating pH for Solutions of Weak Acids

590

(4)

Polyprotic Acids

594

(2)

Weak Bases

596

(4)

Types of Weak Bases

598

(2)

Relationship Between Ka and Kb

600

(3)

Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions

603

(2)

Acid-Base Behavior and Chemical Structure

605

(6)

Factors That Affect Acid Strength

605

(1)

Binary Hydrides

606

(1)

Oxyacids

606

(3)

Carboxylic Acids

609

(2)

Lewis Acids and Bases

611

(10)

Hydrolysis of Metal Ions

612

(1)

Summary and Key Terms

613

(1)

Exercises

614

(7)

Additional Aspects of Equilibria

621

(42)

The Common-Ion Effect

621

(3)

Buffered Solutions

624

(8)

Composition and Action of Buffered Solutions

624

(2)

Buffer Capacity and pH

626

(2)

Addition of Strong Acids or Bases to Buffers

628

(4)

Acid-Base Titrations

632

(9)

Strong Acid-Strong Base Titrations

632

(2)

The Addition of a Strong Base to a Weak Acid

634

(3)

Titration Curves for Weak Acids or Weak Bases

637

(3)

Titrations of Polyprotic Acids

640

(1)

Solubility Equilibria

641

(3)

The Solubility-Product Constant, Ksp

641

(1)

Solubility and Ksp

642

(2)

Factors that Affect Solubility

644

(7)

Common-Ion Effect

644

(2)

Solubility and pH

646

(1)

Formation of Complex Ions

647

(3)

Amphoterism

650

(1)

Precipitation and Separation of Ions

651

(3)

Selective Precipitation of Ions

653

(1)

Qualitative Analysis for Metallic Elements

654

(9)

Summary and Key Terms

656

(1)

Exercises

657

(6)

Chemistry of the Environment

663

(28)

Earth's Atmosphere

663

(3)

Composition of the Atmosphere

664

(2)

The Outer Regions of the Atmosphere

666

(2)

Photodissociation

666

(1)

Photoionization

667

(1)

Ozone in the Upper Atmosphere

668

(4)

Depletion of the Ozone Layer

670

(2)

Chemistry of the Troposphere

672

(7)

Sulfur Compounds and Acid Rain

673

(1)

Carbon Monoxide

674

(2)

Nitrogen Oxides and Photochemical Smog

676

(1)

Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, and Climate

677

(2)

The World Ocean

679

(2)

Seawater

679

(1)

Desalination

680

(1)

Fresh Water

681

(10)

Dissolved Oxygen and Water Quality

682

(2)

Treatment of Municipal Water Supplies

684

(1)

Summary and Key Terms

685

(1)

Exercises

686

(5)

Chemical Thermodynamics

691

(32)

Spontaneous Processes

691

(3)

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

694

(5)

Entropy

694

(4)

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

698

(1)

A Molecular Interpretation of Entropy

699

(4)

Calculation of Entropy Changes

703

(3)

Gibbs Free Energy

706

(4)

Standard Free-Energy Changes

707

(3)

Free Energy and Temperature

710

(1)

Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant

711

(12)

Summary and Key Terms

714

(1)

Exercises

715

(8)

Electrochemistry

723

(48)

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

723

(2)

Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations

725

(5)

Half-Reactions

725

(1)

Balancing Equations by the Method of Half-Reactions

725

(4)

Balancing Equations for Reactions Occurring in Basic Solution

729

(1)

Voltaic Cells

730

(3)

Cell EMF

733

(7)

Standard Reduction Potentials

734

(4)

Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

738

(2)

Spontaneity of Redox Reactions

740

(3)

EMF and Free-Energy Change

742

(1)

Effect of Concentration on Cell EMF

743

(4)

The Nernst Equation

743

(2)

Equilibrium Constants for Redox Equations

745

(2)

Commercial Voltaic Cells

747

(3)

Lead Storage Battery

748

(1)

Dry Cell

749

(1)

Nickel-Cadmium Batteries

749

(1)

Fuel Cells

750

(1)

Electrolysis

750

(4)

Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions

751

(2)

Electrolysis with Active Electrodes

753

(1)

Quantitative Aspects of Electrolysis

754

(4)

Electrical Work

755

(3)

Corrosion

758

(13)

Corrosion of Iron

758

(1)

Prevention of Corrosion

759

(2)

Summary and Key Terms

761

(2)

Exercises

763

(8)

Nuclear Chemistry

771

(36)

Radioactivity

771

(3)

Nuclear Equations

772

(1)

Types of Radioactive Decay

773

(1)

Patterns of Nuclear Stability

774

(5)

Neutron-to-Proton Ratio

775

(2)

Radioactive Series

777

(1)

Further Observations

777

(2)

Nuclear Transmutations

779

(2)

Using Charged Particles

779

(1)

Using Neutrons

780

(1)

Transuranium Elements

780

(1)

Rates of Radioactive Decay

781

(4)

Dating

783

(1)

Calculations Based on Half-Life

784

(1)

Detection of Radioactivity

785

(2)

Radiotracers

786

(1)

Energy Changes in Nuclear Reactions

787

(4)

Nuclear Binding Energies

789

(2)

Nuclear Fission

791

(4)

Nuclear Reactors

792

(3)

Nuclear Fusion

795

(1)

Biological Effects of Radiation

796

(11)

Radiation Doses

798

(1)

Radon

799

(2)

Summary and Key Terms

801

(1)

Exercises

802

(5)

Chemistry of the Nonmetals

807

(62)

General Concepts: Periodic Trends and Chemical Reactions

807

(3)

Chemical Reactions

809

(1)

Hydrogen

810

(5)

Isotopes of Hydrogen

811

(1)

Properties of Hydrogen

812

(1)

Preparation of Hydrogen

812

(1)

Uses of Hydrogen

813

(1)

Binary Hydrogen Compounds

814

(1)

Group 8A: The Noble Gases

815

(2)

Noble-Gas Compounds

815

(2)

Group 7A: The Halogens

817

(8)

Properties and Preparation of the Halogens

818

(2)

Uses of the Halogens

820

(1)

The Hydrogen Halides

820

(2)

Interhalogen Compounds

822

(1)

Oxyacids and Oxyanions

823

(2)

Oxygen

825

(5)

Properties of Oxygen

825

(1)

Preparation of Oxygen

825

(1)

Uses of Oxygen

826

(1)

Ozone

826

(2)

Oxides

828

(1)

Peroxides and Superoxides

829

(1)

The Other Group 6A Elements: S, Se, Te, and Po

830

(6)

General Characteristics of the Group 6A Elements

830

(1)

Occurrences and Preparation of Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium

831

(1)

Properties and Uses of Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium

832

(1)

Oxides, Oxyacids, and Oxyanions of Sulfur

833

(2)

Oxides, Oxyacids, and Oxyanions of Se and Te

835

(1)

Sulfides, Selenides, and Tellurides

835

(1)

Nitrogen

836

(5)

Properties of Nitrogen

836

(1)

Preparation and Uses of Nitrogen

837

(1)

Hydrogen Compounds of Nitrogen

837

(2)

Oxides and Oxyacids of Nitrogen

839

(2)

The Other Group 5A Elements: P, As, Sb, and Bi

841

(7)

General Characteristics of the Group 5A Elements

841

(2)

Occurrence, Isolation, and Properties of Phosphorus

843

(1)

Phosphorus Halides

843

(1)

Oxy Compounds of Phosphorus

844

(3)

Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth

847

(1)

Carbon

848

(6)

Elemental Forms of Carbon

848

(2)

Oxides of Carbon

850

(1)

Carbonic Acid and Carbonates

851

(1)

Carbides

852

(1)

Other Inorganic Compounds of Carbon

853

(1)

The Other Group 4A Elements: Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb

854

(5)

General Characteristics of the Group 4A Elements

854

(1)

Occurrence and Preparation of Silicon

855

(1)

Silicates

856

(1)

Glass

857

(2)

Silicones

859

(1)

Boron

859

(10)

Summary and Key Terms

860

(2)

Exercises

862

(7)

Metals and Metallurgy

869

(32)

Occurrence and Distribution of Metals

869

(3)

Minerals

870

(1)

Metallurgy

871

(1)

Pyrometallurgy

872

(3)

The Pyrometallurgy of Iron

873

(2)

Formation of Steel

875

(1)

Hydrometallurgy

875

(2)

The Hydrometallurgy of Aluminum

877

(1)

Electrometallurgy

877

(4)

Electrometallurgy of Sodium

878

(1)

Electrometallurgy of Aluminum

878

(1)

Electrorefining of Copper

879

(2)

Metallic Bonding

881

(5)

Physical Properties of Metals

882

(1)

Electron-Sea Model for Metallic Bonding

882

(1)

Molecular-Orbital Model for Metals

883

(3)

Alloys

886

(2)

Intermetallic Compounds

888

(1)

Transition Metals

888

(4)

Physical Properties

888

(2)

Electron Configurations and Oxidation States

890

(1)

Magnetism

891

(1)

Chemistry of Selected Transition Metals

892

(9)

Chromium

892

(1)

Iron

893

(1)

Copper

894

(1)

Summary and Key Terms

895

(1)

Exercises

896

(5)

Chemistry of Coordination Compounds

901

(32)

The Structure of Complexes

901

(3)

Charges, Coordination Numbers, and Geometries

902

(2)

Chelates

904

(4)

Metals and Chelates in Living Systems

906

(2)

Nomenclature

908

(5)

Isomerism

913

(3)

Structural Isomerism

913

(1)

Stereoisomerism

914

(2)

Color and Magnetism

916

(3)

Color

917

(1)

Magnetism

918

(1)

Crystal-Field Theory

919

(14)

Electron Configurations in Octahedral Complexes

924

(1)

Tetrahedral and Square-Planar Complexes

925

(2)

Summary and Key Terms

927

(1)

Exercises

928

(5)

The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry

933

Introduction to Hydrocarbons

933

Alkanes

934

Structure of Alkanes

935

Structural Isomers

936

Nomenclature of Alkanes

936

Cycloalkanes

939

Reactions of Alkanes

941

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

941

Alkenes

941

Alkynes

943

Additional Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes

944

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

946

Functional Groups: Alcohols and Ethers

947

Alcohols (R-OH)

948

Ethers (R-O-R')

950

Compounds with a Carbonyl Group

951

Aldehydes and Ketones

951

Carboxylic Acids

952

Esters

953

Introduction to Biochemistry

955

Proteins

956

Amino Acids

956

Polypeptides and Proteins

958

Protein Structure

960

Carbohydrates

962

Disaccharides

963

Polysaccharides

964

Nucleic Acids

966

Summary and Key Terms

969

Exercises

971

APPENDICES

A Mathematical Operations

976

B Properties of Water

983

C Thermodynamic Quantities for Selected Substances at 298.15 K (25°C)

984

D Aqueous-Equilibrium Constants

988

E Standard Reduction Potentials at 25°C

990

Answers to Selected Exercises

A-1

Glossary

G-1

Photo/Art Credits

C-1

Index

I-1

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Chemistry : The Central Science

Summary

Table of Contents

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