The Chemistry of Explosives

The third edition of this popular book has been fully revised and updated and outlines the basic principles needed to understand the mechanism of explosions by chemical explosives. The history, theory and chemical types of explosives are introduced, providing the reader with information on the physical parameters of primary and secondary explosives. Thermodynamics, enthalpy, free energy and gas equations are covered together with examples of calculations, leading to the power and temperature of explosions. The new generation of explosive compositions called Insensitive High Explosives (IHE) have been introduced in this third edition with details of their properties. The effect explosives have on the environment has also been introduced together with relevant legislations. The new edition contains information on polyphosphazenes, high nitrogen molecules and details on new explosives such as LLM-105, CL-20, FOX-7, FOX-12, and DADNE. More detailed information is also provided on safety and the EMTAP tests. The book will aid the understanding of the theory of hot spots and its relationship to detonation and provides details on the manufacturing process for explosive molecules containing nitro, nitrate esters and nitramines.This concise, readable book is ideal for 'A' level students and new graduates with no previous knowledge of explosive compositions. With detailed information on a vast range of explosives in tabular form and an extensive bibliography, this book will also be useful to anyone needing succinct information on the subject, such as the more experienced chemist in the explosives industry.

Introduction to Explosives	p. 1
Development of Blackpowder	p. 1
Development of Nitroglycerine	p. 2
Development of Mercury Fulminate	p. 3
Development of Nitrocellulose	p. 4
Development of Dynamite	p. 5
Development of Ammonium Nitrate	p. 5
Development of Commercial Explosives	p. 6
Development of Permitted Explosives	p. 6
Development of ANFO, Slurry, Emulsion and Blasting Explosives	p. 7
Development of Military Explosives	p. 8
Development of Picric Acid	p. 8
Development of Tetryl	p. 9
Development of TNT	p. 10
Development of Nitroguanidine	p. 10
Development of PETN	p. 11
Development of RDX and HMX	p. 11
Polymer Bonded Explosives	p. 13
Recent Developments	p. 16
Insensitive Munitions and Insensitive High Explosives	p. 18
Explosives and the Environment	p. 22
Classification of Explosive Materials	p. 27
Explosions	p. 27
Atomic Explosions	p. 27
Physical Explosions	p. 28
Chemical Explosions	p. 28
Chemical Explosives	p. 29
Classification of Chemical Explosives	p. 29
Primary Explosives	p. 30
Secondary Explosives	p. 32
Propellants	p. 33
Chemical Data on Explosive Materials	p. 34
Primary Explosives	p. 34
Mercury Fulminate	p. 34
Lead Azide	p. 35
Lead Styphnate	p. 36
Silver Azide	p. 37
Tetrazene	p. 37
Secondary Explosives	p. 38
Nitroglycerine	p. 38
Nitrocellulose	p. 39
Picric Acid	p. 41
Tetryl	p. 42
TNT	p. 44
Nitroguanidine	p. 46
PETN	p. 46
RDX	p. 48
HMX	p. 49
TATB	p. 50
HNS	p. 51
NTO	p. 52
TNAZ	p. 53
CL-20	p. 54
Fox-12 (GUDN)	p. 55
DNAN	p. 56
FOX-7 (DADNE)	p. 57
LLM-105	p. 58
Other Compounds used in Explosive Compositions	p. 58
Combustion, Deflagration and Detonation	p. 60
Combustion	p. 60
Physical and Chemical Aspects of Combustion	p. 61
Combustion of Explosives and Propellants	p. 61
Deflagration	p. 61
Detonation	p. 64
Burning to Detonation	p. 64
Shock to Detonation	p. 64
Propagation of the Detonation Shockwave	p. 66
Effect of Density on the Velocity of Detonation	p. 68
Effect of Diameter of the Explosive Composition On the Velocity of Detonation	p. 70
Effect of Explosive Material on the Velocity of Detonation	p. 71
Classification of Explosives	p. 72
Ignition, Initiation and Thermal Decomposition	p. 74
Ignition	p. 74
Hotspots	p. 75
Mechanisms for the Formation of Hotspots	p. 76
Ignition by Impact and Friction	p. 77
Friction	p. 77
Impact	p. 77
Classification of Explosives	p. 79
Initiation Techniques	p. 82
Explosive Train	p. 82
Detonators	p. 82
Igniters	p. 83
Thermal Decomposition	p. 83
Thermochemistry of Explosives	p. 85
Oxygen Balance	p. 85
Decomposition Reactions	p. 89
KistiakowskyùWilson Rules	p. 89
Modified Kistiakowsky-Wilson Rules	p. 90
Springall Roberts Rules	p. 92
Heats of Formation	p. 93
Heat of Explosion	p. 95
Effect of Oxygen Balance	p. 99
Volume of Gaseous Products of Explosion	p. 100
Explosive Power, Power Index and TNT Equivalence	p. 102
Temperature of Chemical Explosion	p. 103
Mixed Explosive Compositions	p. 106
Atomic Composition of the Explosive Mixture	p. 107
Oxygen Balance	p. 107
Decomposition Reaction	p. 109
Heat of Explosion	p. 109
Volume of Gaseous Products	p. 110
Energized Explosives	p. 111
Addition of Aluminium	p. 112
Force and Pressure of Explosion	p. 112
Equilibria and Kinetics of Explosive Reactions	p. 116
Equilibria	p. 116
Products of Decomposition	p. 117
The Water-Gas Equilibrium	p. 118
Heat of Explosion	p. 119
Temperature of Explosion	p. 123
Kinetics of Explosive Reactions	p. 124
Activation Energy	p. 124
Rate of Reaction	p. 125
Kinetics of Thermal Decomposition	p. 126
Measurement of Kinetic Parameters	p. 127
Differential Thermal Analysis	p. 128
Thermogravimetric Analysis	p. 129
Differential Scanning Calorimetry	p. 129
Manufacture of Explosives	p. 131
Nitration	p. 131
C-Nitration	p. 131
Picric Acid	p. 131
Tetryl
TNT (2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene)	p. 134
TATB (1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenZone)	p. 135
HNS (Hexanitrostilbene)	p. 136
O-Nitration	p. 138
Nitroglycerine	p. 138
Nitrocellulose	p. 139
PETN (Pentaerythritol tetranitrate)	p. 141
N-Nitration	p. 146
RDX (Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine)	p. 143
HMX (Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine)	p. 148
Nitroguanidine	p. 148
Ammonium Nitrate	p. 150
Primary Explosives	p. 151
Lead Azide	p. 151
Mercury Fulminate	p. 151
Tetrazene	p. 152
Commercial Explosive Compositions	p. 154
Ammonium Nitrate	p. 154
Ammonium Nitrate Slurries	p. 154
Ammonium Nitrate Emulsion Slurries	p. 155
Dynamite	p. 155
Military Explosive Compositions	p. 156
Casting	p. 156
Pressing	p. 157
Ram and Screw Extrusion	p. 160
Introduction to Propellants and Pyrotechnics	p. 162
Introduction to Propellants	p. 162
Gun Propellants	p. 162
Performance	p. 162
Composition	p. 163
Single-base Propellants	p. 164
Double-base Propellants	p. 165
Triple-base Propellants	p. 165
Propellant Additives	p. 165
High Energy Propellants	p. 165
Liquid Propellants	p. 166
Composite Propellants	p. 167
Rocket Propellants	p. 167
Performance	p. 167
Composition	p. 168
Double-base Propellants	p. 168
Composite Propellants	p. 168
Liquid Propellants	p. 169
Gas-generating Propellants	p. 170
Introduction to Pyrotechnics	p. 171
Heat-producing Pyrotechnics	p. 171
Primers and First Fires	p. 171
Heat-generating Devices	p. 173
Delay Compositions	p. 173
Smoke-generating Compositions	p. 174
Light-generating Compositions	p. 175
Coloured Light	p. 175
White Light	p. 176
Noise-generating Pyrotechnics	p. 176
Bang	p. 176
Whistle	p. 177
Bibliography	p. 178
Subject Index	p. 181
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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