Chest X-Rays for Medical Students

Christopher Clarke is ST2 Clinical Radiology Trainee at Nottingham University Hospitals and Honorary Lecturer in Human Anatomy at Nottingham Medical School

Anthony Dux is a Consultant Radiologist at University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust

Acknowledgements viii

Learning objectives checklist ix

Part 1

About X-rays 1

What are X-rays? 1

How are X-rays produced? 1

The resulting image on the X-ray film 2

How are X-ray images (radiographs) stored? 2

Hazards and precautions 3

Radiation hazards 3

IRMER 2000 3

In women of reproductive age 3

Chest X-ray (CXR) views 4

PA erect CXR 4

Other views 4

Normal anatomy on a PA chest X-ray 5

Normal anatomy 15

Normal anatomy 25

Normal anatomy 36

Normal anatomy 47

Normal anatomy 58

Normal anatomy 68

Normal anatomy 79

Normal anatomy 89

Presenting a chest radiograph 10

Be systematic 10

Film quality 11

Rotation 11

Adequate inspiration 13

Part 2

Overview of the ABCDE of chest X-rays 14

The ABCDE of chest X-rays 15

Part 3

Common conditions and their radiological signs 94

Pulmonary embolism 94

Bronchial carcinoma 94

Heart failure 95

Pneumonia 97

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 97

Tuberculosis 98

Asbestos-related lung disease 103

Self-assessment questions 108

Self-assessment answers 113

Glossary 122

Index 128

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