Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment, Second Edition

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ISBN: 9780849322532 | 0849322537
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/13/2005

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Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment, Second Edition summarizes the latest scientific knowledge on obesity in children. This edition focuses on the developmental aspects of obesity, especially on the influences and factors predisposing individuals to obesity from early periods of life. This new body of knowledge stems from both basic research and recent epidemiological and clinical studies. All chapters are updated and special attention is given to the prevention of obesity in the context of developmental physiology, lifestyle modification, and dietary and physical activity approaches.

Part 1 Main Characteristics of Childhood Obesity

Introduction

(14)

Evaluation of Obesity and Its Causal Factors during Growth

(4)

Main Problems in the Treatment of Childhood Obesity

(2)

The Role of Lifestyle and the Mass Media in the Development and Prevention of Childhood Obesity

(2)

The Position of an Obese Child

(1)

Long-Term Consequences of Childhood Obesity

(3)

Geographical, Historical, and Epidemiological Aspects

(28)

Changes in Obesity Prevalence and Accompanying Variables in Children over Recent Decades in Various Countries

(20)

North America

(5)

Latin America

(1)

Europe

(7)

Asian Countries

(2)

Middle East, Africa, Oceania

(3)

Australia

(1)

Problems of Obesity in Third World Countries

(5)

Prevalence

(1)

Obesity and Stunting

(2)

The Effect of Acculturation on Obesity in Children

(2)

Summary

(3)

Main Factors Associated with Obesity in Various Periods of Growth

(36)

Attitudes toward Obesity in Different Periods of Life

(2)

Familial Clustering of Obesity and the Effect of Heredity

(9)

The Role of Genes on Obesity

(4)

The Role of Nutrition in Early Periods of Life

(10)

Fetal Period, Birth Weight, Breastfeeding, and Maternal Practices

(5)

The Effect of the Relative Composition of the Diet

(1)

The Intake of Protein and Adiposity Rebound (AR)

(3)

Fats and Carbohydrates

(1)

The Role of Physical Activity

(4)

The Effect of Social Class

(1)

The Role of Sudden Changes in Lifestyle

(2)

Recommended Dietary Allowances during Growth

(1)

Summary

(3)

Physical Characteristics of the Obese Child and Adolescent

(40)

Basic Morphological Characteristics, Criteria, and Methods

(1)

Body Mass Index (BMI)

(14)

Grids for the Evaluation of BMI and Its Rebound in Children

(1)

Variation of BMI in Various Countries

(2)

BMI Validation

(2)

Critical BMI Values as Cutoff Points for Obesity

(4)

Body Composition and Depot Fat

(14)

Methods

(2)

Anthropometric Methods

100

(2)

Methods for the Measurement of the Individual Body Components

102

(1)

Densitometry

102

(1)

Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA)

103

(1)

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)

104

(2)

40K Measurement

106

(1)

Total Body Water by Deuterium or Tritium Oxide

107

(1)

Total Body Electrical Conductivity (TOBEC)

107

(1)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

108

(1)

Computed Tomography (CT)

109

(1)

Ultrasound

109

(1)

Whole-Body Air-Displacement Plethysmography (ADP)

109

(1)

Comparison of Several Methods: Measuring Children with BIA, TOBEC, and DXA

109

(1)

Creatinine Excretion

110

(1)

Fat Distribution

110

(5)

Skinfold Thickness Ratios (Indices)

111

(1)

Waist Circumference, and Waist/Hip and Waist/Height Ratios

112

(1)

Subcutaneous and Intraabdominal Fat

113

(2)

Muscle Arm and Fat Circumferences

115

(1)

Striae in Obese Children

115

(1)

Growth, Skeletal Age, and Bone Development

115

(2)

Lean Body Mass in Obese Children

117

(1)

Muscle Fibers and Obesity

118

(1)

Summary

119

(2)

Energy Expenditure and Physical Activity

121

(30)

Components of Energy Expenditure

122

(3)

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) and Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)

125

(3)

Thermic Effect of Food (Diet-Induced Thermogenesis)

128

(1)

Total Energy Expenditure and Physical Activity

129

(4)

Methods

129

(4)

Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure as Related to Fatness

133

(14)

Genetic Factors

135

(2)

Physical Activity and Adiposity in Early Life

137

(2)

Physical Activity and Adiposity in School-Aged Children and Adolescents

139

(8)

Longitudinal Studies of Physical Activity, Fatness, and Cardiovascular Risks

147

(1)

Social Class, Fatness, and Physical Activity

147

(1)

Summary

148

(3)

Evaluation of Functional Status

151

(24)

Cardiorespiratory Function

152

(9)

Criteria and Methods

152

(2)

The Effect of Age, Gender, and Body Composition in Normal and Obese Children

154

(1)

The Effect of Obesity

155

(6)

Lung Function Measurements

161

(2)

Blood Pressure, Cardiac and Aortal Function, and Obesity

163

(4)

Hematological Parameters

167

(1)

Physical Performance and Motor Abilities

168

(3)

Motor Skill

168

(2)

Flexibility

170

(1)

Strength

170

(1)

The Effect of Obesity on Motor Performance at Different Ages

171

(2)

Summary

173

(2)

Food Intake

175

(22)

Methods

176

(1)

Development of Food Behavior in Early Life

176

(2)

Food Intake and Obesity

178

(4)

The Effect of the Composition of the Diet and Eating Behavior

182

(4)

Eating Behavior and Food Preferences

186

(1)

Thermic Effect of Food (Diet-Induced Thermogenesis) and Obesity

187

(2)

The Role of Food Consumption Patterns in the Development of Obesity

189

(3)

Utilization and Oxidation of Macronutrients

192

(2)

Summary

194

(3)

Biochemical Characteristics

197

(8)

Serum Lipids, Lipolysis, and Body Adiposity

197

(4)

Lipid Metabolism in Adipose and Muscle Tissue

201

(1)

Protein Metabolism and Uricemia in Obesity

202

(1)

Mineral Metabolism

203

(1)

Total Antioxidant Capacity and Lipid Soluble Antioxidant Vitamins

203

(1)

Summary

204

(1)

Hormonal Characteristics

205

(24)

Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)

205

(3)

Growth Hormone (GH)

208

(1)

Insulin

209

(4)

Steroid Hormones, Sexual Maturation

213

(1)

Beta-Endorphins and Somatostatin

214

(1)

Leptin

215

(8)

Ghrelin, Adiponectin, Thyroid Hormones, Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, Gastric Inhibitory Peptide

223

(2)

Summary

225

(4)

Psychosocial Aspects of Obesity

229

(16)

Psychosocial Determinants of Obesity

229

(4)

Definition of Body Image

233

(1)

Appearance-Related Body Image

234

(2)

Body Size Distortion

234

(1)

Body Dissatisfaction

234

(1)

Preference for Thinness

235

(1)

Body Size Dissatisfaction

235

(1)

Relevance of Psychological Accompaniments of Physical Growth during Childhood and Adolescence

236

(3)

Sociocultural Influences

239

(1)

Physical Appearance

240

(1)

The ``Ideal'' Body Shape

240

(1)

Body Weight or Body Fatness --- The Real Issue?

241

(1)

Summary

242

(3)

Health Problems

245

(26)

Dyslipidemia, Hemostatic Factors, and Cardiovascular Risks

246

(5)

Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disorders

251

(3)

Insulin Resistance and Diabetes Mellitus

254

(2)

Multimetabolic Syndrome (MMS)

256

(1)

Hepatic Problems

257

(1)

Respiratory Diseases, Asthma

257

(2)

Hormonal Alterations; Puberty and Its Complications

259

(1)

Orthopedic Problems, Body Posture, and Movement

259

(4)

Dental Caries

263

(1)

Immune Function

263

(1)

Sleep Disturbances

263

(1)

Experimental Model Studies

264

(1)

Developmental and Nutritional Characteristics of Long-Living Populations

265

(1)

Summary

265

(6)

Part 2 Treatment and Management Principles

Treatment and Management

271

(78)

Assessment of the Obese Child

274

(8)

Treatment Strategies and Markers of Success

274

(5)

The Role of Family Support

279

(2)

Individual vs. Group Approaches to Obesity Treatment

281

(1)

The Effect of Diet

282

(16)

Dietary Allowances for Obese Children

283

(1)

The Effect of Low-Energy Diets

284

(7)

Administration of Supplementation in Reducing Diets

291

(1)

Risks of Hypocaloric Diets

292

(1)

The Effect of Hypocaloric Diets on Cardiocirculatory Parameters

292

(2)

Changes in Respiratory Parameters after Weight Reduction

294

(1)

Changes in Biochemical and Hormonal Parameters after a Restricted Diet

294

(3)

Changes in Immunological Parameters after a Hypocaloric Diet

297

(1)

Exercise Management

298

(24)

Relationships between Body Composition and Fitness during Growth

303

(1)

The Effect of Regular Exercise during Growth

304

(4)

The Effect of Sports Participation

308

(2)

Studies of the Effect of Exercise on Experimental Animal Models

310

(1)

The Effect of an Interruption to Regular Exercise on Body Adiposity

311

(3)

The Effect of Exercise in Obese Children and Youth

314

(4)

Changes in Body Composition and Fitness after Exercise Intervention

318

(1)

Hormonal, Circulatory and Metabolic Changes after Exercise-Induced Weight and Fat Reduction

319

(2)

The Effect of Exercise on Cardiocirculatory Parameters

321

(1)

The Results of Combined Treatment by Diet and Exercise

322

(20)

Changes in Body Composition and Fitness Following Weight Reduction

325

(7)

Serum Lipid Changes

332

(2)

Hormonal, Metabolic, and Hemostatic Changes as a Result of Diet and Exercise

334

(7)

Changes in Cardiocirculatory Characteristics and Motor Performance

341

(1)

Changes in Bone Mineral Density

342

(1)

Hormonal Therapy

342

(1)

Pharmacological Treatment

343

(1)

Surgical Interventions

344

(1)

Intragastric Balloon Therapy

345

(1)

Alternative Approaches

346

(1)

Psychological and Behavioral Treatment

346

(1)

Summary

347

(2)

Practical Programs for Weight Management during the Growing Years

349

(40)

Arrangement of Weight-Management Programs for Obese Children

349

(6)

Ambulatory and Outpatient Programs

350

(2)

Treatment in Summer Camps

352

(2)

School-Based Programs

354

(1)

Principles of Weight Reduction Diets for Obese Children

355

(5)

Definition of a Reduction Diet

356

(3)

The Effectiveness of Reduction Diets

359

(1)

The Behavioral Aspect of Dietary Therapy

360

(1)

Defining General Principles of Physical Activity and Exercise for the Obese Child

361

(8)

Aims of Physical Activity and Exercise Interventions

362

(1)

Attitudes of the Child

363

(1)

Knowledge

363

(1)

Skills

363

(2)

Factors to Enhance Program Design and Implementation

365

(1)

Exercise Prescription

366

(1)

Medical Examination and Preparticipation Screening

367

(1)

Mode of Exercise

367

(1)

Frequency of Exercise

368

(1)

Duration of Exercise

368

(1)

Intensity of Exercise

368

(1)

Exercise Program

369

(2)

Conditioning Program

370

(1)

Warm-Up Period

370

(1)

Stretching Activities

370

(1)

Cardiorespiratory Endurance and Strength Activities

370

(1)

Dance, Gymnastics, and Other Motor Skill Activities

370

(1)

Sports and Recreational Skills

371

(1)

Lifestyle Habits

371

(1)

General Guidelines for Exercise Participation

372

(1)

Clothing

372

(1)

Exercise Surface

372

(1)

Appropriate Time to Exercise

372

(1)

Possible Complications Resulting from Exercise

373

(1)

Motivation

373

(1)

Self-Monitoring

374

(1)

Home-Based Exercise Programs

375

(1)

Recommendations for Leisure-Time Activities

376

(2)

The Role of the Teacher and Physical Educator

378

(1)

Suggestions for a Balance between Physical Activity and Exercise

379

(1)

Selected Exercises for Individual Parts of the Body

380

(2)

Body Posture

380

(1)

Breathing Exercises

380

(1)

Other Exercises

380

(1)

Exercises for the Vertebral Column

381

(1)

Exercises for Upper and Lower Extremities

381

(1)

Exercises for the Pelvis

382

(1)

Encouraging Obese Children to Adhere to Regular Exercise

382

(1)

Supportive Role of the Family

383

(1)

Sample Activities That Provide the Basis of an Activity Program for Young Children

384

(3)

Games and Game Skills for Children

384

(1)

Stage 1 Skills

384

(1)

Stage 2 Skills

384

(1)

Stage 3 Skills

385

(1)

Stage 4 Skills

386

(1)

Body Image or Body Awareness, Spatial Awareness, and Eye--Hand and Eye--Foot Coordination

386

(1)

Body Image

386

(1)

Spatial Awareness

387

(1)

Summary

387

(2)

Summary

389

(26)

Main Characteristics of Childhood Obesity

389

(15)

Treatment and Management Principles

404

(11)

General Conclusions and Perspectives

415

(12)

References

427

(76)

Index

503

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Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment, Second Edition

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials