China : From Afforestation to Poverty

Although the involvement of the World Bank in the forest sector has a relatively short history, starting in 1988, the impact of Bank projects dates back much further. The Bank's 1991 forest strategy stressed a multi-sectoral approach. Accordingly, this review looked at the Bank's projects in the forest sector, projects with forest sector components, and projects with potential impacts on forests, as well as the Bank's non-lending services. These studies seek to judge whether the Bank has 'done the right things' and 'done things right'.

Foreword

vii

Acknowledgments

xi

Acronyms

xv

Summary

xvii

Introduction

1

(4)

PART I: THE STATE OF CHINA'S FORESTS

Role of the Forest Sector in China's Economy

5

(4)

Forest Resource Management

9

(4)

Forest Resource Status and Trends

13

(10)

Timber

14

(3)

Shelterbelts and Commercial Plantations

17

(1)

Accounting for Forest Cover Changes

18

(1)

China's Forest Volume

19

(4)

Land Degradation and Other Rural Environmental Problems

23

(6)

The State of China's Rural Environment and Resource Base

25

(4)

Policy Reforms in China's State and Collective Forest Regions

29

(4)

Reforming the State-Run Sector

30

(1)

Reforming the Collective Sector

30

(1)

Reforms in the Rest of the Economy

31

(2)

Rural Environment Protection Policy

33

(8)

Laws

33

(2)

Institutions

35

(2)

Environmental Policy Implementation Problems in China

37

(2)

Fiscal Environment

39

(2)

Land Tenure and Forests---Evidence from China's Villages

41

(6)

General Findings

42

(1)

Changes in Forest Land Tenure

42

(1)

Population Growth and Changes in Agricultural Production

43

(1)

Shifting the Structure of Forest Land Use

44

(1)

Land Tenure and Afforestation

44

(1)

Results of Multivariate Analysis

44

(3)

PART II: INFLUENCE AND IMPACT OF THE WORLD BANK

The Bank Portfolio in China

47

(22)

Portfolio Analysis

47

(2)

Forest and Forest Component Projects in China

49

(1)

Quality Assurance Group Ratings for China Projects

49

(1)

Operations Evaluation Department Ratings for China Projects

50

(2)

Non-Lending Activities

52

(1)

Forest Sector Projects Before 1991

53

(4)

Forest Sector Projects Since 1991

57

(4)

Pending Project

61

(1)

Projects with Forest Sector Components

61

(2)

Projects that Impact Forests

63

(3)

Global Environment Facility Grants to China

66

(3)

An Evaluation of the Bank's Forest Sector Work in China

69

(22)

Relevance

73

(7)

Efficacy

80

(3)

Efficiency

83

(3)

Sustainability and Institutional Capacity Building

86

(2)

Impact on Poverty

88

(1)

Summary Ratings

89

(2)

Conclusions and Future Directions

91

(94)

Success Factors in China

92

(2)

Success Factors in the Bank

94

(1)

Implications for the Future

95

(4)

Annexes

A. Supplemental Tables

99

(41)

B. The 1991 Forest Strategy

140

(2)

C. Data

142

(1)

D. Types of Forests

143

(1)

E. Methodology for Analysis of Projects with Impact on Forests

144

(2)

F. Analysis of Change in the 1980s

146

(3)

G. Changes in the 1990s: Economic Forces, Policy, and Other Factors

149

(10)

H. Multivariate Analysis: Village Level Analysis of Tenure and Policy Impacts on Forest Resources

159

(2)

I. Criteria for Selecting Impact Projects

161

(1)

J. China/World Bank FEF Pipeline Discussions

162

(11)

K. Report on Case Study Workshop

173

(12)

Endnotes

185

(4)

Bibliography

189

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China : From Afforestation to Poverty Alleviation and Natural Forest Management

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials