Chromatography of Natural, Treated and Waste Waters

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ISBN: 9780415280044 | 0415280044
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/24/2003

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Chromatography of Natural, Treated and Waste Watersis the first book to bring together information of a range of chromatographic techniques in all types of water,from precipitation to sewage effluents. Organic and inorganic compounds, cations, anions and elements are all discussed. Particular attention is paid to multi compound analysis of water, and the analysis of minute traces of pollutants. Gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry are included, and this book is well referenced and easy to use.

Preface

xxi

1 Brief summary of methodologies

(36)

1.1 Ion chromatography

(3)

1.2 Electrostatic ion chromatography

(1)

1.3 High performance liquid chromatography

(9)

1.3.1 Reversed phase chromatography

(1)

1.3.2 Size exclusion chromatography

(1)

1.3.3 Ion exclusion chromatography

(1)

1.3.4 Micelle exclusion chromatography

(1)

1.3.5 Ion suppression chromatography

(1)

1.3.6 Gel permeation chromatography

(1)

1.3.7 Gel filtration chromatography

(1)

1.3.8 Supercritical fluid chromatography

(3)

1.4 Ion exchange chromatography

(3)

1.4.1 Anion exchange chromatography

(1)

1.4.2 Cation exchange chromatography

(1)

1.4.3 Ion exchange chromatography theory

(1)

1.5 Conventional column chromatography

(1)

1.6 High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

(1)

1.7 Capillary column coupling isotachoelectrophoresis

(6)

1.8 Gas chromatography

(2)

1.9 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

(2)

1.10 Thin layer chromatography

(1)

1.11 Chromatographic detectors

(6)

1.11.1 Visible spectrophotometric detector

(1)

1.11.2 Fluorescence detector

(2)

1.11.3 Infrared and Raman spectrometric detectors

(1)

1.11.4 Atomic absorption spectrometric detectors

(1)

1.11.5 Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometric detectors

(2)

References

(2)

2 Ion chromatography

(62)

2.1 Organic compounds

(1)

2.1.1 Non saline waters

(1)

2.1.1.1 Miscellaneous organic compounds

(1)

2.1.2 Waste waters

(1)

2.1.2.1 Carboxylic acids

(1)

2.2 Cations

(9)

2.2.1 Non saline waters

(8)

2.2.1.1 Transition metals, alkaline and alkaline earth metals

(3)

2.2.1.2 Ammonium ion

(1)

2.2.1.3 Total organic carbon

(3)

2.2.1.4 Other applications

(1)

2.2.2 Aqueous precipitation

(1)

2.2.2.1 Alkali and alkaline earth metals and ammonium

(1)

2.2.3 Trade effluents and waste waters

(1)

2.2.3.1 Heavy metals

(1)

2.2.3.2 Uranium

(1)

2.2.3.3 Ammonium

(1)

2.3 Anions

(43)

2.3.1 Ultraviolet versus conductivity detectors

(4)

2.3.2 Non saline waters

(14)

2.3.2.1 Bromide, fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, sulphate, phosphate and ammonium

(6)

2.3.2.2 Metal cyanide complexes

(1)

2.3.2.3 Cyanide, sulphide, iodide and bromide

(1)

2.3.2.4 Arsenate, arsenite, selenate and selenite

(1)

2.3.2.5 Mixtures of organic and inorganic anions

(5)

2.3.2.5.1 Bromate, chloride, bromide, nitrite, nitrate, hypophosphite (HP022-), selenite, selenate, sulphate, phosphate, pyrophosphate, arsenate, chromate, cx-hydroxybutyrate, butyrate, formate, acetate, glycolate, gluconate, valerate, cx-hydroxy valerate, pyruvate, monochloroacetate, dichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, galactonurate, glucuronate, cx-ketoglutarate, oxalate, fumarate, phthalate, oxalacetate, citrate, isocitrate, cis aconitate, trans aconitate, succinate, maleate, malonate, quinate, tartrate, hexane sulphonate, octane sulphonate, octane sulphate, decane sulphonate, dodecane sulphonate and dodecane sulphate

(2)

2.3.2.5.2 Lactate, glycolate, succinate, chloride, malate, sulphate, tartrate, maleate, fluoride, a-hydroxybutyrate, hydroxy valerate, formate, valerate, pyruvate, monochloroacetate, bromate, galaconurate, nitrite, gluconurate, dichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, hypophosphite, selenite, bromide, nitrate, oxalate, selenate, a-ketoglutarate, fumarate, phthalate, oxalacetate, phosphate, arsenate, chromate, citrate, isocitrate, cis aconitate and transaconitrate

(3)

2.3.2.6 Other applications

(1)

2.3.3 Aqueous precipitation

(10)

2.3.3.1 Bromide

(5)

2.3.3.2 Chloride, bromide, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, sulphate, sulphite and phosphate

(5)

2.3.3.3 Other applications

(1)

2.3.4 Seawater

(2)

2.3.4.1 Iodide

(1)

2.3.4.2 Nitrate and phosphate

(1)

2.3.4.3 Sulphate

(2)

2.3.5 Potable water

(4)

2.3.5.1 Bromide, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, sulphate and phosphate

(1)

2.3.5.2 Chloride, bromide and iodide

(2)

2.3.5.3 Chlorite and chlorate

(1)

2.3.5.4 Sulphide and cyanide

(2)

2.3.5.5 Other applications

(1)

2.3.6 Waste waters

(3)

2.3.6.1 Cyanide, free and total

(1)

2.3.6.2 Borate

(1)

2.3.6.3 Sulphide

(1)

2.3.6.4 Other applications

(2)

2.3.7 Trade effluents

(3)

2.3.7.1 Chloride, bromide, fluoride, nitrite, nitrate, sulphate and phosphate

(1)

2.3.7.2 Borate

(1)

2.3.7.3 Cyanide, sulphide, iodide and bromide

(1)

2.3.7.4 Metal cyanide complexes

(1)

2.3.7.5 Other applications

(1)

2.3.8 Ground and surface waters

(1)

2.3.8.1 Chloride, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and sulphate

(1)

2.3.8.2 Bromide

(1)

2.3.8.3 Selenate and selenite

(1)

2.3.9 Boiler waters

(2)

2.3.9.1 Chloride, sulphate and nitrite

(2)

2.3.9.2 Carbonate

(1)

2.3.9.3 Other applications

(1)

2.4 Mixtures of anions and cations

(5)

2.4.1 Introduction

(1)

2.4.2 Aqueous precipitation

(2)

2.4.2.1 Alkali metals, alkaline earths and anions

(2)

2.4.3 Potable waters

(9)

2.4.3.1 Alkali metals, alkaline earths and anions

(2)

References

(4)

3 Electrostatic ion chromatography

(3)

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Determination of anions

100

(1)

References

101

(1)

4 High performance liquid chromatography

102

(80)

4.1 Organics

102

(35)

4.1.1 Non saline waters

102

(22)

4.1.1.1 Amides

102

(1)

4.1.1.2 Chlorophenols

102

(2)

4.1.1.3 Chlorophyll pigments

104

(2)

4.1.1.4 Carboxylic acids

106

(1)

4.1.1.5 Non ionic surfactants

107

(1)

4.1.1.6 Pesticides and herbicides

107

(2)

4.1.1.7 Phenols

109

(1)

4.1.1.8 Phthalate esters

109

(1)

4.1.1.9 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons

110

(2)

4.1.1.10 Polychlorobiphenyls

112

(1)

4.1.1.11 Volatile organic compounds

112

(1)

4.1.1.12 Ethylene diamine tetraacetate

112

(1)

4.1.1.13 Other applications

113

(11)

4.1.2 Seawater

124

(1)

4.1.2.1 Amino acids

124

(1)

4.1.2.2 Aromatic amines

124

(1)

4.1.2.3 Other applications

125

(1)

4.1.3 Aqueous precipitation

125

(1)

4.1.3.1 Phenols

125

(1)

4.1.3.2 Formate

125

(1)

4.1.4 Ground and surface waters

125

(2)

4.1.4.1 Pesticides

125

(1)

4.1.4.2 Other applications

125

(2)

4.1.5 Potable waters

127

(4)

4.1.5.1 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons

127

(4)

4.1.5.2 Other applications

131

(1)

4.1.6 Waste waters

131

(2)

4.1.6.1 Nitroaromatic compounds

131

(1)

4.1.6.2 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons

131

(1)

4.1.6.3 Chlorinated polyaromatic hydrocarbons

132

(1)

4.1.6.4 Ozonisation and chlorination products

132

(1)

4.1.6.5 Other applications

132

(1)

4.1.7 Trade effluents

133

(2)

4.1.7.1 Mercaptobenzthiazole

133

(1)

4.1.7.2 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons

133

(1)

4.1.7.3 Miscellaneous pollutants

133

(2)

4.1.7.4 Other applications

135

(1)

4.1.8 Sewage effluents

135

(2)

4.1.8.1 Non ionic surfactants

135

(1)

4.1.8.2 Cobalamins

135

(1)

4.1.8.3 Other applications

135

(2)

4.1.9 Ultrapure waters

137

(1)

4.2 Organometallic compounds

137

(9)

4.2.1 Non saline waters

137

(9)

4.2.1.1 Organomercury compounds

137

(3)

4.2.1.2 Organotin compounds

140

(5)

4.2.1.3 Organoarsenic compounds

145

(1)

4.2.1.4 Organomanganese compounds

145

(1)

4.2.1.5 Organocopper compounds

146

(1)

4.2.2 Aqueous precipitation

146

(1)

4.2.2.1 Organolead compounds

146

(1)

4.2.3 Sea and estuary water

146

(1)

4.2.3.1 Organotin compounds

146

(1)

4.3 Cations

146

(13)

4.3.1 Non saline waters

147

(4)

4.3.1.1 Heavy metals, mercury and aluminium

147

(3)

4.3.1.2 Selenium

150

(1)

4.3.1.3 Vanadium

151

(1)

4.3.1.4 Other applications

151

(1)

4.3.2 Seawater

151

(6)

4.3.2.1 Heavy metals

151

(3)

4.3.2.2 Plutonium

154

(3)

4.3.2.3 Other applications

157

(1)

4.3.3 Ground waters

157

(1)

4.3.3.1 Uranium

157

(1)

4.3.4 Potable water

157

(2)

4.3.4.1 Copper, beryllium, aluminium, gallium, palladium and iron

157

(2)

4.3.5 Waste waters and trade effluents

159

(1)

4.3.5.1 Heavy metals and ammonium

159

(1)

4.4 Anions

159

(12)

4.4.1 Non saline waters

159

(7)

4.4.1.1 Nitrate and nitrite

159

(1)

4.4.1.2 Phosphate

160

(4)

4.4.1.3 Halides

164

(1)

4.4.1.4 Chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate and thiocyanate

164

(2)

4.4.1.5 Chromium(III) and chromium(VI)

166

(1)

4.4.1.6 Other applications

166

(1)

4.4.2 Aqueous precipitation

166

(1)

4.4.2.1 Nitrite and nitrate

166

(1)

4.4.3 Seawater

167

(3)

4.4.3.1 Carboxylic acids

167

(1)

4.4.3.2 Iodide

167

(3)

4.4.4 Potable water

170

(1)

4.4.4.1 Iodide, chloride, bromide, chlorate, bromate and iodate

170

(1)

4.4.4.2 Nitrate

170

(1)

4.4.4.3 Chloride, nitrate and sulphate

170

(1)

4.4.5 Trade effluents

170

(1)

4.4.5.1 Thiosulphate and polythionates

170

(1)

4.4.5.2 Fluoride

170

(1)

4.4.6 Sewage effluents

171

(1)

References

171

(11)

5 High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

182

(8)

5.1 Organic compounds

182

(6)

5.1.1 Non saline waters

182

(1)

5.1.1.1 Sulphonylurea herbicides

182

(1)

5.1.1.2 Organophosphorus insecticides

182

(1)

5.1.1.3 Ozonisation products

183

(1)

5.1.1.4 Other applications

183

(1)

5.1.2 Potable waters

183

(4)

5.1.2.1 Sulphonylurea herbicides

183

(3)

5.1.2.2 Non volatile organic compounds

186

(1)

5.1.3 Ground waters

187

(1)

5.1.3.1 Organophosphorus insecticides

187

(1)

5.1.4 Waste waters

188

(2)

5.1.4.1 Azo dyes

188

(1)

References

188

(2)

6 Conventional column chromatography

190

(12)

6.1 Organic compounds

190

(5)

6.1.1 Non saline waters

190

(1)

6.1.1.1 Hydrocarbons

190

(1)

6.1.1.2 Non ionic detergents

190

(1)

6.1.1.3 Other applications

191

(1)

6.1.2 Seawater

191

(3)

6.1.2.1 Hydrocarbons

191

(3)

6.1.2.2 Organoboron compounds

194

(1)

6.1.3 Sewage effluents

194

(1)

6.1.3.1 Carboxylic acids

194

(1)

6.1.4 Swimming pool waters

194

(1)

6.1.4.1 Organochlorine compounds

194

(1)

6.1.5 Waste waters and trade effluents

195

(1)

6.1.5.1 Miscellaneous organic compounds

195

(1)

6.2 Organometallic compounds

195

(4)

6.2.1 Non saline waters

195

(3)

6.2.1.1 Organogermanium compounds

195

(1)

6.2.1.2 Organomercury compounds

195

(3)

6.2.1.3 Organotin compounds

198

(1)

6.2.2 Aqueous precipitation

198

(1)

6.2.2.1 Organolead compounds

198

(1)

6.2.3 Seawater

198

(1)

6.2.3.1 Organoarsenic compounds

198

(1)

6.2.4 Potable waters

198

(1)

6.2.4.1 Organoarsenic compounds

198

(1)

6.3 Cations

199

(1)

6.3.1 Non saline waters

199

(1)

6.3.1.1 Calcium and magnesium

199

(1)

6.3.1.2 Cobalt

199

(1)

6.3.2 Seawater

199

(1)

6.3.2.1 Transition metals

199

(1)

6.4 Anions

199

(1)

6.4.1 Non saline waters

199

(1)

6.4.1.1 Carboxylates

199

(1)

6.4.2 Waste waters

199

(3)

6.4.2.1 Sulphate

199

(1)

References

200

(2)

7 Ion pair high performance liquid chromatography

202

(5)

7.1 Organic compounds

202

(3)

7.1.1 Non saline waters

202

(3)

7.1.1.1 Linear alkylbenzene sulphonates and p-sulphonylcarboxylate salts

202

(1)

7.1.1.2 Cationic surfactants

202

(1)

7.1.1.3 Chlorophylls

203

(2)

7.1.1.4 Other applications

205

(1)

7.1.2 Seawater

205

(1)

7.1.2.1 Thiols

205

(1)

7.1.2.2 Flavins

205

(1)

7.1.3 Waste waters

205

(1)

7.1.3.1 Sulphonated polyphenols

205

(1)

7.2 Cations

205

(1)

7.2.1 Non saline waters

205

(1)

7.2.1.1 Miscellaneous metals including sodium, lithium, ammonium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, lead, copper, cadmium, cobalt, nickel, iron, zinc and 14 lanthanides

205

(1)

7.2.2 Trade effluents

205

(1)

7.2.2.1 Copper (II), silver(I), iron(II), iron(III), cobalt(III), nickel(II) and gold(I)

205

(1)

7.3 Anions

206

(1)

7.3.1 Non saline waters

206

(1)

7.3.1.1 Miscellaneous

206

(1)

References

206

(1)

8 Micelle chromatography

207

(3)

8.1 Organic compounds

207

(1)

8.1.1 Non saline waters

207

(1)

8.1.1.1 Polyaromatic compounds

207

(1)

8.1.2 Sewage effluents

207

(1)

8.1.2.1 Sodium-N-methyldithiocarbamate and methylisothiocynate

207

(1)

8.1.3 Trade effluents

207

(1)

8.1.3.1 Phthalate esters

207

(1)

8.2 Cations

208

(1)

8.2.1 Non saline waters

208

(1)

8.2.1.1 Calcium, potassium and sodium

208

(1)

8.3 Anions

208

(1)

8.3.1 Non saline waters

208

(2)

8.3.1.1 Iodate

208

(1)

8.3.1.2 Iodide, nitrate, nitrite, bromide and iodide

208

(1)

8.3.1.3 Thiocyanate, sulphite and sulphide, nitrate, thiosulphate and cyanide

208

(1)

References

208

(2)

9 Ion exclusion chromatography

210

(6)

9.1 Organic compounds

210

(1)

9.1.1 Non saline waters

210

(1)

9.1.1.1 Carboxylates

210

(1)

9.1.2 Rainwater

210

(1)

9.1.2.1 Carboxylates

210

(1)

9.2 Cations

210

(1)

9.2.1 Non saline waters

210

(1)

9.2.1.1 Arsenic

210

(1)

9.2.2 Ground waters

211

(1)

9.3 Anions

211

(4)

9.3.1 Non saline waters

211

(2)

9.3.1.1 Arsenate and arsenite

211

(1)

9.3.1.2 Organic anions, tartrate, maleate, malonate, citrate, glycollate, formate and fumarate

212

(1)

9.3.1.3 Nitrite

212

(1)

9.3.1.4 Phosphate

212

(1)

9.3.2 Aqueous precipitation

213

(1)

9.3.2.1 Chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, nitrite and thiocyanate

213

(1)

9.3.3 Seawater

213

(1)

9.3.3.1 Silicate

213

(1)

9.3.4 Potable waters

213

(3)

9.3.4.1 Bicarbonate and carbon dioxide

213

(2)

9.3.4.2 Nitrite

215

(1)

References

215

(1)

10 Size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography

216

(5)

10.1 Organic compounds

216

(1)

10.1.1 Potable waters

216

(1)

10.1.1.1 Ozonisation products

216

(1)

10.1.1.2 Chlorinated humic acids

217

(1)

10.1.2 Waste waters and trade effluents

217

(1)

10.1.2.1 Polyacrylamide

217

(1)

10.2 Cations

217

(1)

10.2.1 Non saline waters

217

(1)

10.2.1.1 Calcium and magnesium

217

(1)

10.2.1.2 Copper complexes

218

(1)

10.3 Anions

218

(2)

10.3.1 Non saline waters

218

(1)

10.3.1.1 Sulphide and sulphite

218

(1)

10.3.2 Waste waters

219

(2)

10.3.2.1 Phosphate, chloride, carbonate and sulphate

219

(1)

References

220

(1)

11 Gel permeation chromatography

221

(4)

11.1 Organic compounds

221

(2)

11.1.1 Non saline waters

221

(1)

11.1.1.1 Haloforms

221

(1)

11.1.1.2 Humic and fulvic acids

221

(1)

11.1.1.3 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons

222

(1)

11.1.2 Seawater

222

(1)

11.1.2.1 Crude oils

222

(1)

11.1.3 Trade effluents

223

(1)

11.1.3.1 Carbohydrates

223

(1)

11.1.3.2 Calcium sulphonate

223

(1)

11.2 Cations

223

(1)

11.2.1 Seawater

223

(2)

11.2.1.1 Lithium

223

(1)

References

223

(2)

12 Ion exchange chromatography

225

(8)

12.1 Organic compounds

225

(1)

12.1.1 Non saline waters

225

(1)

12.1.1.1 Non ionic surfactants

225

(1)

12.1.2 Seawater

226

(1)

12.1.2.1 Carbohydrates

226

(1)

12.1.3 Sewage effluents

226

(1)

12.1.3.1 Miscellaneous organics

226

(1)

12.2 Organometallic compounds

226

(2)

12.2.1 Non saline waters

226

(2)

12.2.1.1 Organoarsenic compounds

226

(2)

12.3 Cations

228

(2)

12.3.1 Non saline waters

228

(1)

12.3.1.1 Cobalt

228

(1)

12.3.1.2 Vanadium

228

(1)

12.3.1.3 Miscellaneous cations

228

(1)

12.3.2 Surface waters

228

(1)

12.3.2.1 Miscellaneous cations

228

(1)

12.3.3 Mineral, spa and spring waters

229

(1)

12.3.3.1 Lithium, sodium, potassium and caesium

229

(1)

12.3.3.2 Nickel

229

(1)

12.3.3.3 Copper

229

(1)

12.3.3.4 Boron

229

(1)

12.3.4 High purity waters

229

(1)

12.4 Anions

230

(1)

12.4.1 Non saline waters

230

(1)

12.4.1.1 Arsenate and arsenite

230

(1)

12.4.1.2 Chloride, bromide, iodide, chlorate, bromate and iodate

230

(1)

12.4.1.3 Fluoride

230

(1)

12.4.1.4 Nitrate and nitrite

230

(1)

12.4.1.5 Sulphate and chloride

230

(1)

12.4.1.6 Miscellaneous

231

(1)

12.4.2 Aqueous precipitation

231

(1)

12.4.2.1 Chloride and bromide

231

(1)

12.4.3 Potable water

231

(2)

12.4.3.1 Nitrate and nitrite

231

(1)

References

231

(2)

13 Column coupling capillary isotachoelectrophoresis and isotachelectrophoresis

233

(7)

13.1 Organic compounds

233

(1)

13.1.1 Non saline waters

233

(1)

13.1.1.1 Carboxylates

233

(1)

13.1.1.2 Chlorinated carboxylic acids

233

(1)

13.1.1.3 Herbicides

234

(1)

13.1.1.4 Aminoacetates

234

(1)

13.2 Cations

234

(2)

13.2.1 Non saline waters

234

(2)

13.2.1.1 Chromium

234

(2)

13.3 Anions

236

(2)

13.3.1 Non saline waters

236

(4)

13.3.1.1 Chloride, fluoride, nitrite, nitrate, sulphate and phosphate

236

(2)

13.3.1.2 Other applications

238

(1)

References

238

(2)

14 Thin layer chromatography

240

(31)

14.1 Organic compounds

240

(24)

14.1.1 Non saline waters

240

(8)

14.1.1.1 Petroleum spills

240

(3)

14.1.1.2 Carboxylates

243

(1)

14.1.1.3 Phenolic acids

243

(1)

14.1.1.4 Chlorinated hydrocarbons

244

(1)

14.1.1.5 Phenoxy acetic acid herbicides

244

(1)

14.1.1.6 Carbamate herbicides

245

(1)

14.1.1.7 Miscellaneous herbicides

246

(1)

14.1.1.8 Urea herbicides

247

(1)

14.1.1.9 Chlorophylls

247

(1)

14.1.1.10 Other applications

248

(1)

14.1.2 Seawater

248

(12)

14.1.3 Potable waters

260

(1)

14.1.3.1 Phenols

260

(1)

14.1.3.2 Chlorinated insecticides

260

(1)

14.1.3.3 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons

261

(1)

14.1.4 Sewage effluents

261

(1)

14.1.4.1 Abate insecticides

261

(1)

14.1.5 Waste waters

262

(1)

14.1.5.1 Petroleums

262

(1)

14.1.5.2 Phenols

263

(1)

14.1.5.3 Quinones

263

(1)

14.1.6 Trade effluents

263

(1)

14.1.6.1 Quinones

263

(1)

14.1.6.2 Dibutylethylene carboxylate, stilbenzene, azobenzene and azoxybenzene

263

(1)

14.1.7 High purity waters

264

(1)

14.1.7.1 Octodecylamine

264

(1)

14.1.7.2 Cyclohexylamine

264

(1)

14.2 Organometallic compounds

264

(2)

14.2.1 Non saline waters

264

(1)

14.2.1.1 Organolead compounds

264

(1)

14.2.1.2 Organotin compounds

265

(1)

14.2.2 Sewage effluents

265

(6)

14.2.2.1 Organomercury compounds

265

(1)

14.2.3 Trade effluents

266

(1)

14.2.3.1 Organomercury compounds

266

(1)

References

266

(5)

15 Gas chromatography

271

(168)

15.1 Organic compounds

271

(98)

15.1.1 Non saline waters

271

(75)

15.1.1.1 Aliphatic hydrocarbons, inland oil pollution incidents

271

(4)

15.1.1.2 Aromatic hydrocarbons

275

(1)

15.1.1.3 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons

276

(2)

15.1.1.4 Non ionic surfactants

278

(1)

15.1.1.5 Phenols

278

(3)

15.1.1.6 Carboxylic acids

281

(1)

15.1.1.7 Carbohydrates

282

(1)

15.1.1.8 Haloforms and aliphatic halogen compounds

282

(1)

15.1.1.9 Unsaturated aliphatic halogen compounds

283

(2)

15.1.1.10 Chlorophenols

285

(1)

15.1.1.11 Polychlorobiphenyls

285

(2)

15.1.1.12 Aliphatic amines

287

(2)

15.1.1.13 Nitrosamines

289

(1)

15.1.1.14 Nitriloacetic acid

289

(2)

15.1.1.15 Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid

291

(1)

15.1.1.16 Organosulphur compounds

291

(1)

15.1.1.17 Alkyl and aryl phosphates

292

(1)

15.1.1.18 Chlorinated insecticides and polychlorobiphenyls

293

(12)

15.1.1.19 Triazine herbicides

305

(2)

15.1.1.20 Organophosphorus insecticides

307

(6)

15.1.1.21 Carbamate insecticides

313

(1)

15.1.1.22 Substituted urea herbicides

314

(2)

15.1.1.23 Phenoxyacetic acid herbicides

316

(2)

15.1.1.24 Miscellaneous herbicides/pesticides

318

(1)

15.1.1.25 Growth regulators

319

(1)

15.1.1.26 Other applications

320

(26)

15.1.2 Aqueous precipitation

346

(1)

15.1.2.1 Chlorinated insecticides

346

(1)

15.1.2.2 Carboxylates

346

(1)

15.1.3 Seawater

346

(3)

15.1.3.1 Petroleum products

346

(1)

15.1.3.2 Chlorinated insecticides and polychlorobiphenyls

347

(2)

15.1.3.3 Other applications

349

(1)

15.1.4 Groundwaters

349

(20)

15.1.4.1 Hydrocarbons

349

(1)

15.1.5 Potable waters

349

(4)

15.1.5.1 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons

349

(1)

15.1.5.2 Chlorophenols

350

(1)

15.1.5.3 Vinyl chloride

350

(1)

15.1.5.4 Haloforms and halogenated aliphatic compounds

350

(2)

15.1.5.5 Nitrosamines

352

(1)

15.1.5.6 Chlorinated insecticides

352

(1)

15.1.5.7 Polychlorobiphenyls

352

(1)

15.1.5.8 Other applications

353

(1)

15.1.6 Sewage effluents

353

(10)

15.1.6.1 Carboxylates

353

(6)

15.1.6.2 Organochlorine insecticides and polychlorobiphenyls

359

(3)

15.1.6.3 Other applications

362

(1)

15.1.7 Waste waters

363

(6)

15.1.7.1 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons

363

(1)

15.1.7.2 Organosulphur compounds

363

(5)

15.1.7.3 Organophosphorus insecticides

368

(1)

15.1.7.4 Organochlorine insecticides and polychlorobiphenyls

368

(1)

15.1.7.5 Other applications

368

(1)

15.1.8 Trade, effluents

369

(1)

15.1.8.1 Miscellaneous organic compounds

369

(1)

15.1.9 High purity waters

369

(1)

15.1.9.1 Nitrosamines

369

(1)

15.1.10 Swimming pool waters

369

(1)

15.1.10.1 Aliphatic halogen compounds

369

(1)

15.2 Organometallic compounds

369

(26)

15.2.1 Non saline waters

369

(13)

15.2.1.1 Organoarsenic compounds

369

(7)

15.2.1.2 Organolead compounds

376

(1)

15.2.1.3 Organomanganese compounds

377

(1)

15.2.1.4 Organomercury compounds

377

(3)

15.2.1.5 Organoselenium compounds

380

(1)

15.2.1.6 Organosilicon compounds

380

(1)

15.2.1.7 Organotin compounds

380

(2)

15.2.2 Aqueous precipitation

382

(6)

15.2.2.1 Organolead compounds

382

(1)

15.2.2.2 Organotin compounds

382

(6)

15.2.3 Seawater

388

(5)

15.2.3.1 Organomercury compounds

388

(1)

15.2.3.2 Organotin compounds

389

(4)

15.2.4 Potable waters

393

(2)

15.2.4.1 Organolead compounds

393

(2)

15.2.4.2 Organotin compounds

395

(1)

15.2.5 Trade effluents

395

(1)

15.2.5.1 Organomercury compounds

395

(1)

15.3 Cations

395

(8)

15.3.1 Non saline waters

395

(7)

15.3.1.1 Arsenic, antimony, selenium and tin

395

(1)

15.3.1.2 Beryllium

396

(1)

15.3.1.3 Selenium

397

(5)

15.3.1.4 Other applications

402

(1)

15.3.2 Seawater

402

(1)

15.3.2.1 Aluminium

402

(1)

15.3.2.2 Selenium

402

(1)

15.3.3 Potable water

403

(1)

15.3.3.1 Beryllium

403

(1)

15.4 Anions

403

(11)

15.4.1 Non saline waters

403

(3)

15.4.1.1 Nitrite

403

(2)

15.4.1.2 Selenate and selenite

405

(1)

15.4.1.3 Other applications

406

(1)

15.4.2 Aqueous precipitation

406

(1)

15.4.2.1 Chloride, bromide and iodide

406

(1)

15.4.2.2 Sulphate, nitrate and phosphate

406

(1)

15.4.3 Seawater

406

(1)

15.4.3.1 Sulphide

406

(1)

15.4.3.2 Selenate and selenite

407

(1)

15.4.4 Potable water

407

(4)

15.4.4.1 Chloride, bromide and iodide

407

(3)

15.4.4.2 Nitrate

410

(1)

15.4.5 Waste waters

411

(2)

15.4.5.1 Cyanide

411

(2)

15.4.5.2 Polysulphide

413

(1)

15.4.5.3 Sulphide

413

(1)

15.4.5.4 Thiocyanate

413

(1)

15.4.6 Mineral waters

413

(26)

15.4.6.1 Iodide

413

(1)

References

414

(25)

16 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

439

(50)

16.1 Organic compounds

439

(35)

16.1.1 Non saline waters

439

(1)

16.1.1.1 Alkylbenzene sulphonates

439

(1)

16.1.1.2 Other applications

440

(1)

16.1.2 Aqueous precipitation

440

(1)

16.1.2.1 Miscellaneous organic compounds

440

(1)

16.1.3 Seawater

440

(14)

16.1.3.1 Petroleum hydrocarbons

440

(13)

16.1.3.2 Phenols

453

(1)

16.1.4 Potable water

454

(8)

16.1.4.1 Nitrosamines

454

(1)

16.1.4.2 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons

454

(1)

16.1.4.3 Multiorganic mixtures

455

(7)

16.1.4.4 Other applications

462

(1)

16.1.5 Sewage effluents

462

(1)

16.1.5.1 Chlorinated insecticides and polychlorobiphenyls

462

(1)

16.1.5.2 Other applications

463

(1)

16.1.6 Waste effluents

463

(6)

16.1.6.1 Insecticides

463

(3)

16.1.6.2 Other applications

466

(3)

16.1.7 Trade effluents

469

(5)

16.1.7.1 Miscellaneous applications

469

(5)

16.2 Organometallic compounds

474

(3)

16.2.1 Non saline waters

474

(2)

16.2.1.1 Organoarsenic compounds

474

(1)

16.2.1.2 Organotin compounds

474

(2)

16.2.2 Seawater

476

(1)

16.2.2.1 Organoarsenic compounds

476

(1)

16.2.3 Potable water

476

(1)

16.2.3.1 Organolead compounds

476

(1)

16.3 Cations

477

(4)

16.3.1 Seawater

477

(4)

16.3.1.1 Chromium

477

(4)

References

481

(8)

Index

489

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Chromatography of Natural, Treated and Waste Waters

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Chromatography of Natural, Treated and Waste Waters

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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