Cities in a Globalizing World: Global Report on Human Settlements

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ISBN: 9781853838064 | 1853838063
Cover: Nonspecific Binding
Copyright: 6/1/2001

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* The most authoritative and up to date assessment of the development of the world's cities and other human settlements * A detailed assessment of the impacts and implications of globalization for cities * Statistical Annexes provide essential information on demographic, spatial & economic, housing, and environment & infrastructural indicators The Global Report 2001 is the successor to the Global Report 1996. It is the only reliable and comprehensive assessment of the world's cities and an essential tool and reference for academics, researchers, planners and public authorities and civil society organizations around the world. The 2001 Report highlights the impacts of globalization in removing barriers and increasing the influence of market forces on policies and city development, the increased isolation and marginalization of many, especially poor and vulnerable social groups. It documents current housing and urban conditions, including access to health care and education, and examines policies and initiatives for improved quality of life across all sectors of urban society.

Foreword

Introduction

Acknowledgements

viii

List of Boxes

xviii

List of Tables

List of Figures

xxi

List of Maps

xxii

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

xxiii

Key Issues and Messages

xxvi

Prologue: Human Settlements in a Globalizing World

xxx

PART I THE DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT: CHANGES AND CHALLENGES

Development Contrasts in Human Settlements

(23)

Highlights

(2)

Contrasts in urbanization patterns

(1)

Contrasts in the wealth of cities

(1)

Contrasts in competitiveness

(1)

Contrasts in opportunities

(1)

Contrasts in local and global priorities

(1)

Contrasts within countries and regions

(1)

Contrasts within urban areas

(1)

Uneven Development: Impacts of Information and Communication Technologies on Human Settlements

(8)

ICTs and contemporary urbanization: a critical nexus

(1)

Challenges for urban analysis

(1)

Not the `death of distance': why the dominant logic of ICT-based development supports urban polarization

(1)

New technologies tend to extend the reach of the economically and culturally powerful

(1)

Urban polarization and the internet

(1)

The internet and the restructuring of US cities

(1)

ICTs as supports to the restructuring of human settlements: integrating international divisions of labour

(1)

ICTs, urban polarization and restructuring in developing cities

(2)

Cultural and economic biases of the international information marketplace

(1)

Bridging the urban digital divide

(1)

Human Settlements in a Polarizing World: Poverty and Inequity

(13)

Decreases in income and increases in cost of living

(1)

The urbanization of poverty

(1)

Inequality and polarization

(1)

The developing countries

(1)

The countries with economies in transition

(2)

The industrialized countries

(3)

Assessment of trends

(4)

Urban Impacts of Globalization

(17)

Globalization, Urban Planning and Democracy

(5)

Physical Reflections of Globalization

(9)

Inequality and the quartering of urban space

(2)

Mobile citadels of wealth and business

(1)

The quarter of gentrification

(1)

Suburbanization inside and outside the city

(1)

The old working class quarter and the immigrant enclave

(1)

Abandonment and the new ghetto of exclusion

(1)

Walls between the quarters

(1)

The debasing of the urban cultural environment

(1)

The declining public orientation of the state and the distortions of land use by the market

(1)

The residualization of social housing

(1)

Countervailing Favourable Trends

(3)

The democratization of decision-making

(1)

The advance of knowledge

(2)

Framing Normative Policy Platforms

(14)

Antecedents and Context

(1)

Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000

(2)

Human Settlements Policy Issues in United Nations Development Agendas in the 1990s

(2)

The focus on poverty and human rights

(1)

The emphasis on empowerment and gender equality

(1)

United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) (Istanbul, 1996)

(9)

Innovations

(1)

The Istanbul Declaration and Habitat Agenda

(1)

Goals and principles

(1)

Commitments

(1)

Strategies

(1)

Evaluation

(2)

The Habitat Agenda in broader context

(5)

PART II EMERGING APPROACHES TO URBAN GOVERNANCE AND POLITICS

The Changing Context and Directions of Urban Governance

(12)

The Repertoire of Governance Strategies

(1)

Markets

(1)

Hierarchies

(1)

Networks

(1)

The Globalization Paradox

(1)

Emerging Elements of Governance

(3)

Decentralization and formal government reform at the area-wide level

(1)

Civil society participation in policy making

(1)

Multi-level governance and partnerships

(1)

Decision-making structures

(1)

Lessons and Analyses

(2)

Formal public institutions are crucial actors in urban governance

(1)

New key role for the state in urban governance

(1)

Partnerships cannot be a comprehensive form of urban governance

(1)

Area-based policies and actions are not a panacea

(1)

Political leadership is a key element of governance

(1)

The political strengthening of metropolitan areas

(1)

The Democratic Challenge: Insights from Latin America

(5)

Neopluralist democracy

(1)

The need for inclusion

(3)

Politics of the Global City: Claiming Rights to Urban Spaces

(10)

Nation States and New Political Actors

(1)

Recovering Place

(1)

A New Geography of Centrality and Marginality

(1)

`Glocalization': The Localization of the Global

(1)

A Space of Power

(1)

Making Claims on the City

(1)

A Politics of Places and Cross-border Networks

(4)

PART III CHANGES IN HOUSING FINANCE AND SHELTER DELIVERY SYSTEMS

The Developing Countries

(9)

Housing Finance: Needs and Capacity

(2)

Direct investment by low-income residents

(1)

State investment programmes

(2)

Formal financial sector

(1)

Micro-finance institutions

(1)

Housing Finance and Globalization

(4)

Poverty

(1)

Credit

(1)

Land

(1)

State funds

(1)

Institutional responses

(1)

Local government

(1)

NGOs

(1)

Civil society groups

(1)

Implications for Policy

(3)

Land and secure tenure

(1)

Access to credit

(1)

Partnerships with local communities

(3)

The Countries with Economies in Transition

(7)

Marketization

(2)

Housing privatization

(1)

Formation of the rental market

(1)

Structural changes in the construction market

(1)

Formation of the housing market: availability and affordability

(1)

Development of financial markets

(1)

Deregulation

(3)

Changes in the state's social mandate in the housing sector

(1)

Termination of state rent control

(1)

Regulation of local natural monopolies

(1)

Growing income dependence of housing consumption rates and housing segregation

(1)

Decentralization

(1)

Increased role of local authorities and the burden of housing payments

(1)

The danger of accelerated decay

(1)

Concerns and Challenges

(2)

The Industrialized Countries

(10)

Housing Ownership

(4)

Globalization and the Role of Government in Housing Finance

(1)

Globalization and the Ability to Pay for Housing

100

(5)

Countries with liberal/dualist housing systems

101

(1)

Countries with social democratic housing systems

101

(1)

Countries with `residual' housing systems

102

(3)

PART IV DEVELOPMENTS IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE

Urban Health in the Developing Countries

105

(9)

Urban Populations Lead the Health Transition

105

(2)

Injuries

106

(1)

Mental ill-health

106

(1)

Chronic or `lifestyle' diseases

107

(1)

Emerging Evidence of an Urban Penalty?

107

(1)

Low-income Urban Populations: The Worst of Both Worlds?

108

(2)

Shifting the Focus from the Urban Poor to Urban Inequity

110

(1)

Beyond the Rural-Urban Divide

110

(4)

Assessments of the Urban Environment: Water Supply and Sanitation Services

114

(14)

From Habitat II to The Hague World Water Forum: Global Patterns and Trends

114

(1)

The Hague Water Vision 21: Water for People

115

(1)

Persistent and Emerging Gaps

115

(6)

Gaps between water supply and sanitation

115

(1)

Gaps in gender equity and empowerment

116

(1)

Gaps in institutional and financial restructuring

116

(1)

Privatization and commodification of water

116

(2)

Gaps between water infrastructure and environmental management

118

(1)

Gaps between first principles, best practices and ex post evaluation

119

(1)

Gaps between water, sanitation and human settlements policy initiatives

120

(1)

Implications

121

(1)

Focus on gaps

121

(1)

Improve data, analytical tools and historical reviews

121

(1)

Develop clear objectives for coordinating water, sanitation and human settlements programmes

122

(1)

Basing Policies on Inaccurate Data? The Importance of Critical Scrutiny

122

(6)

The problem of inaccurate data

122

(1)

Water provision

123

(2)

Sanitation

125

(3)

Impacts of Recent Trends on Urban Transport

128

(6)

Transport and Urban Form

128

(1)

Wealthy Cities are Slowing Down in Car Use

128

(1)

Public Transport is Growing Nearly Everywhere

129

(1)

Transport and Social Exclusion

129

(1)

Cities in the more developed economies

129

(1)

Cities in the developing economies

129

(1)

Poor Cities are Being Trapped in Traffic

130

(2)

Reducing Car Dependence

132

(2)

Energy Demands and Consumption

134

(12)

Historical Patterns of Energy Production and Consumption

134

(2)

Development Constraints Created by Urban Energy Consumption Patterns

136

(3)

Sustainable Energy Technologies Appropriate for Urban Applications

139

(2)

Strategies for achieving Reform in Urban Energy Sectors

141

(3)

Appendix A: Energy Data Sources and Conversion Procedures

144

(1)

Appendix B: Methods Used to Calculate Energy Consumption Quintiles

144

(2)

Decentralization and Urban Infrastructure Management Capacity

146

(15)

Overview

146

(2)

Decentralization and infrastructure policy

146

(1)

Decentralization of infrastructure services

146

(1)

Expanding the scope for private sector involvement

147

(1)

A growing role for NGOs and civil society

147

(1)

Challenges in the decentralization of infrastructure

148

(1)

Decentralized Institutional Frameworks, Participatory Processes and Capacity Building

148

(4)

The role of regional and intermediary institutions

149

(1)

Strengthening local government leadership and initiative

149

(1)

Partnerships between municipalities and NGOs

150

(1)

Community-based approaches to infrastructure services and neighbourhood revitalization

151

(1)

Financing Investments in Infrastructure: The Expanding Scope for Intermediary Institutions and Public-Private Partnerships

152

(3)

Public/private partnerships to finance infrastructure

153

(1)

The role of intermediary institutions in infrastructure finance

154

(1)

Privatization of infrastructure services: Public utility companies

155

(1)

Equitable Access to Infrastructure and the Empowerment of Poor and Marginalized Communities

155

(6)

Community-based financing of infrastructure projects

156

(5)

PART V ENSURING DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

Building Capacity

161

(21)

Strengthening Capacity of Local Authorities and their Partners

162

(3)

Drafting a world charter of local self-government

162

(1)

Funding to strengthen municipal capacity

163

(1)

Municipal international cooperation

163

(1)

Evaluating MIC initiatives

164

(1)

Capacity Building through Partnerships

165

(6)

Issues involved in public-private partnerships

166

(3)

Criteria for assessing partnerships

169

(2)

People-to-People Community-based Approaches

171

(5)

The Alliance

171

(1)

The setting

171

(1)

The politics of patients

172

(1)

Words and deeds

172

(3)

The international horizon: globalization-from-below

175

(1)

The Role of Development Agencies in Capacity Building

176

(6)

`Going to scale' in supporting community initiatives

177

(1)

Working with NGOs and civil society groups

178

(4)

Strengthening Post-disaster Reconstruction of Human Settlements

182

(13)

Consequences of Armed Conflict, Natural and Technological Disasters

182

(1)

Post-disaster Recovery: Learning from Recent Experience

183

(4)

Enhancing the Classical Post-disaster Recovery Model

187

(2)

The institutional framework: globalization and disaster recovery

188

(1)

The classical recovery model defined

188

(1)

Enhancing the classical model

189

(1)

Opportunities for local capacity building

189

(6)

PART VI BUILDING A COMMON FUTURE

Adequate Shelter for All: Strategic Foci

195

(16)

Combating Homelessness

195

(6)

The diversity of homelessness

195

(3)

Framing policies to overcome the limits of market mechanisms

198

(3)

Supporting the Realization of Housing Rights

201

(6)

Recent developments

202

(1)

Property restitution

203

(1)

Addressing forced evictions

203

(1)

Security of tenure

204

(1)

Focusing further actions

205

(1)

Reappraising housing rights standards

205

(1)

Creating a global property registry

205

(1)

Developing housing rights indicators

206

(1)

Improving complaint mechanisms

206

(1)

Strengthening Appropriate Forms of Housing Tenure

207

(4)

Recognizing the diversity of relevant tenure forms

207

(1)

Rent

207

(1)

Leasehold

207

(1)

Freehold

207

(1)

Conditional freehold: `rent-to-buy'

207

(1)

Communal tenure

207

(1)

Forms of collective tenure

207

(1)

Housing cooperatives

208

(1)

Advantages for low-income housing

208

(1)

Potential problems

208

(1)

Government policies

208

(3)

Sustaining Human Settlement Development: Strategic Foci

211

(57)

Supporting the Governance of More Inclusive Cities

211

(5)

The growing importance of good governance

211

(1)

Poverty eradication at the local level

212

(1)

The informal sector

212

(1)

Investing in the poor

213

(3)

Combating Corruption

216

(7)

Corruption within municipalities: what can be done?

216

(1)

A preventive strategy

216

(1)

Assessing corruption

217

(1)

Corruption in the water sector

218

(1)

International initiatives

219

(1)

Country responses

219

(1)

Reconceptualizing transparency: grassroots movements for accountability to the poor

220

(1)

Local participatory auditing of the public sector

220

(2)

Private sector transparency that goes beyond disclosure of financial performance

222

(1)

Lessons

222

(1)

Reducing Urban Violence

223

(9)

Definitional issues

223

(1)

Measurements

223

(1)

Categories of urban violence

223

(1)

Causes of urban violence

224

(1)

Individual level

224

(1)

Interpersonal level

224

(1)

Institutional level

224

(1)

Structural level

225

(1)

Characteristics of urban violence

225

(1)

Costs and consequences of violence in urban areas

226

(1)

The erosion of physical capital

226

(1)

The erosion of human capital

226

(1)

The erosion of natural capital

227

(1)

The erosion of social capital

227

(1)

Interventions to reduce urban economic and social violence: `good practice' examples

227

(1)

Criminal justice approach

228

(1)

Public health approach

228

(1)

Conflict transformation approach

229

(1)

Human rights approach

229

(1)

Social capital approach

229

(1)

Towards integrated approaches to urban violence reduction

230

(2)

Epilogue: Liveability of Cities in a Globalizing World

232

(4)

References

236

(16)

Background Papers

252

(5)

PART VII STATISTICAL ANNEX

List of Tables

257

(1)

Technical Notes

258

(10)

Country Level Data

268

(32)

Demographic Indicators and Household Projections

268

(9)

Housing and Infrastructure Indicators

277

(14)

Spatial and Economic and Social Indicators

291

(9)

City Level Data

300

(34)

Demographic Indicators and Household Projections

300

(12)

Housing and Infrastructure Indicators

312

(12)

Economic and Social Indicators

324

(10)

Index

334

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Cities in a Globalizing World: Global Report on Human Settlements

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