The Civil Rights Movement

The Civil Rights Movement is a collection of the best scholarship on one of America's most important social movements. Editor Jack Davis expands the usual historical boundaries of the Civil Rights Movement as he follows it from pre-World War II activism to the affirmative action initiatives begun in the 1960s. These essays reveal the grassroots character of the movement by exploring its continuity, local nature, and decentralized and diverse leadership. Through this broader scope, students learn about women's activism, white liberals and moderates, local initiatives, environmental racism, and black political empowerment. Twelve essays are arranged chronologically and topically, each with supporting primary documents, a detailed timeline, and further reading lists. This collection provides an ideal source for teaching Civil Rights with a fresh perspective.

Jack E. Davis teaches history at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. He is the author of Race Against Time: Culture and Separation in Natchez since 1930 (2001).

Notes on Contributors

x

Series Editor's Preface

xii

Acknowledgments

xiv

List of Acronyms

xv

Chronology

xvi

Introduction

1

(6)

PART I SOWING SEEDS

7

(54)

Foundations

9

(24)

Introduction

9

(1)

Article: Southern Reformers, the New Deal, and the Movement's Foundation

10

(20)

Patricia Sullivan

Document A: Street Car Petition, Jacksonville, Florida, 1901

30

(1)

Document B: NAACP School Desegregation Petition, 1955

31

(1)

Further Reading

32

(1)

Labor and Civil Rights

33

(28)

Introduction

33

(1)

Article: Organized Labor and the Struggle for Black Equality in Mobile during World War II

34

(20)

Bruce Nelson

Document A: Transcription of Tape Documentary on Natchez Laundry Workers Strike, October 17, 1965

54

(2)

Document B: Memoirs of a Birmingham Coal Miner, 1964

56

(4)

Further Reading

60

(1)

PART II DEFIANCE

61

(46)

White Resistance

63

(26)

Introduction

63

(1)

Article: Crabgrass-Roots Politics: Race, Rights, and the Reaction Against Liberalism in the Urban North, 1940-1964

64

(20)

Thomas J. Sugrue

Document A: Untitled Little Rock Poem, ca. 1957

84

(1)

Document B: Americans for the Preservation of the White Race, Broadside, ca. 1960s

85

(2)

Document C: Brumsic Brandon Jr. ``Up North, Down South,'' cartoons, 1963

87

(1)

Further Reading

87

(2)

Anticommunism, Anti-Civil Rights

89

(18)

Introduction

89

(1)

Article: Race and Red-Baiting

90

(12)

Adam Fairclough

Document A: Defenders' News and Views, August-September, 1959

102

(1)

Document B: Letter to the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission, 1960

103

(1)

Further Reading

104

(3)

PART III PARTICIPANTS

107

(46)

Liberals and Moderates

109

(20)

Introduction

109

(1)

Article: ``South of the South?'': Jews, Blacks, and the Civil Rights Movement in Miami, 1945-1960

110

(12)

Raymond A. Mohl

Document A: The Conversion of Peggy Terry, ca. 1950s

122

(3)

Document B: ``One can not be a Christian and a Segregationist, Too,'' 1979

125

(2)

Further Reading

127

(2)

Women in the Civil Rights Movements

129

(24)

Introduction

129

(1)

Article: Passing the Torch: African American Women in the Civil Rights Movement

130

(15)

LaVerne Gyant

Document A: Fannie Lou Hamer, ``The Special Plight and Role of Black Women,'' 1971

145

(4)

Document B: Septima Poinsette Clark Memoir, 1979, 1984

149

(1)

Document C: Clarice T. Campbell Correspondence, Summer 1956

150

(1)

Further Reading

151

(2)

PART IV LOCAL-NATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS

153

(50)

The NAACP

155

(48)

Introduction

155

(1)

Article: The NAACP in North Carolina during the Age of Segregation

156

(16)

Raymond Gavins

Document A: NAACP v. Button, 1963

172

(2)

Document B: Jackson, Mississippi, Boycott Campaign, 1962-3

174

(2)

Further Reading

176

(1)

Grassroots

Introduction

177

(1)

Article: Baseball's Reluctant Challenge: Desegregating Major League Spring Training Sites, 1961-1964

178

(15)

Jack E. Davis

Document A: Siege at Savannah, 1964

193

(5)

Document B: People in Motion: The Story of the Birmingham Movement, 1966

198

(3)

Further Reading

201

(2)

PART V EMPOWERMENT

203

(52)

Black Power and Culture

205

(26)

Introduction

205

(1)

Article: New Day in Babylon: The Black Power Movement and American Culture, 1965-1975

206

(19)

William L Van DeBurg

Document A: Robert Williams, Negroes With Guns, 1962

225

(1)

Document B: Stokely Carmichael and Charles Hamilton, ``The Search for New Forms,'' 1967

226

(2)

Document C: Brumsic Brandon Jr. Cartoon, 1968

228

(1)

Further Reading

229

(2)

Political Power

231

(24)

Introduction

231

(1)

Article: The Civil Rights Movement as Urban Reform: Atlanta's Black Neighborhoods and a New ``Progressivism''

232

(14)

Ronald H. Bayor

Document A: Voter Registration Testimonies, ca. 1960s

246

(2)

Document B: Petition, August 29, 1965

248

(3)

Document C: Shaw v. Reno, 1993

251

(2)

Further Reading

253

(2)

PART VI THE CONTINUING SAGA

255

(48)

Environmental Injustice

257

(23)

Introduction

257

(1)

Article: From NIMBY to Civil Rights: The Origins of the Environmental Justice Movement

258

(16)

Eileen Maura McGurty

Document A: Slum Clearance, Community Style, ca. 1940s

274

(2)

Document B: Letter Addressing Lead Poisoning, 1957

276

(2)

Further Reading

278

(2)

Affirmative Action

280

(23)

Introduction

280

(1)

Article: Race, History, and Policy, African Americans and Civil Rights Since 1964

281

(17)

Hugh Davis Graham

Document A: The Kerner Report, Employment Report, Introduction, 1968

298

(1)

Document B: Keyes v. School District No. I, Denver, Colorado (1973)

299

(3)

Further Reading

302

(1)

Index

303

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The Civil Rights Movement

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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The Civil Rights Movement

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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