Class Actions and Other Multi-Party Litigation in a Nutshell

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ISBN: 9780314144119 | 0314144110
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 11/30/2004

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Covers all of the major topics of class action law and practice, such as commencement of a class action, requirements for class certification, class action discovery, notice to class members, "opt-out" rights, Seventh Amendment and due process issues, class settlements, remedies, appellate review, issue and claim preclusion, and ethical and policy issues. Also contains a special focus on securities, mass tort, and employment discrimination class actions, defendant class actions and shareholder derivative suits. Explores the latest cutting-edge issues in multi-party litigation and discusses numerous ground-breaking court decisions.

PREFACE

TABLE OF CASES

xxix

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23. Class Actions

(8)

Chapter 1. Introduction

(5)

Chapter 2. Evolution and Overview of Federal Court Class Actions

(11)

I. Equity Rule 48

(1)

II. Equity Rule 38

(1)

III. The 1938 Version of Rule 23

(1)

IV. The 1966 Version of Rule 23

(1)

V. Overview of Current Rule 23

(5)

Chapter 3. Class Certification Requirements: Implicit Requirements and Rule 23(A)

(36)

I. Implicit Requirements

(5)

A. A Definable Class

(2)

B. A Representative Who Is a Member of the Class

(1)

C. A Claim That Is Not Moot

(2)

II. Rule 23(a)

(30)

A. Numerosity

(5)

§ 3.1 Overview

(1)

§ 3.2 Size of the Potential Class

(1)

§ 3.3 Possible Future Claimants

(1)

§ 3.4 Other Factors Bearing on Numerosity

(2)

§ 3.5 Applicability to Subclasses

(1)

§ 3.6 Re Evaluation of Numerosity

(1)

B. Commonality

(6)

§ 3.7 Overview

(1)

§ 3.8 Whether More Than One Common Legal or Factual Issue Is Necessary

(1)

§ 3.9 Core Focus of Rule 23(a)(2)

(1)

§ 3.10 Law or Fact

(1)

§ 3.11 Other Purposes Underlying Rule 23(a)(2)

(1)

§ 3.12 Approaches to Commonality

(1)

§ 3.13 Differences From "Predominance" Inquiry of Rule 3(b)(3)

(1)

§ 3.14 Examples of Commonality and Lack of Commonality

(2)

C. Typicality

(6)

§ 3.15 Lack of Consensus on Meaning

(1)

§ 3.16 General Approach by Courts Giving Separate Meaning to Typicality

(1)

§ 3.17 Unique Defenses

(2)

§ 3.18 Plaintiff Seeking Recovery Against Only One of Several Defendants

(1)

§ 3.19 Factual Disparities Defeating Typicality

(2)

D. Adequacy of Representation

(13)

§ 3.20 Overview

(1)

§ 3.21 Challenges to Adequacy Raised by Defendants

(1)

§ 3.22 Adjudicating the Adequacy of Class Representatives

(1)

§ 3.23 Vigorous Prosecution

(1)

§ 3.24 Knowledge of the Case

(1)

§ 3.25 Honesty, Good Character, and Credibility

(1)

§ 3.26 Lack of Conflicts of Interest

(2)

§ 3.27 Ability to Finance the Class Action

(1)

§ 3.28 Membership in the Class

(1)

§ 3.29 Adequacy of Class Counsel

(2)

§ 3.30 Duty of Counsel to Educate Representatives and Identify Inadequate Representatives

(1)

§ 3.31 New Rule 23(g)

(2)

§ 3.32 Solutions to Inadequate Representation

(1)

Chapter 4. Class Certification Requirements: Rule 23(b)

(40)

I Rule 23(b)(1)(A) and (b)(1)(B)

(15)

A. Rule 23(b)(1)(A) Classes

(5)

§ 4.1 The Purposes of Rule 23(b)(1)(A) Classes

(1)

§ 4.2 Requirements for Certification Under Rule 23(b)(1)(A)

(1)

§ 4.3 Certification Under Rule 23(b)(1)(A) in Cases Seeking Monetary Damages

(1)

§ 4.4 Certification of Medical Monitoring Classes Under Rule 23(b)(1)(A)

(1)

§ 4.5 Other Kinds of Cases Involving Rule 23(b)(1)(A)

(1)

B. Rule 23(b)(1)(B) Classes

(9)

§ 4.6 Overview of Rule 23(b)(1)(B)

(1)

§ 4.7 Stare Decisis Effect Insufficient to Satisfy (b)(1)(B)

(1)

§ 4.8 Requirements for "Limited Fund" Treatment

(4)

§ 4.9 Rule 23(b)(1)(B) and Punitive Damages

(1)

§ 4.10 Other Types of Rule 23(b)(1)(B) Cases

(1)

§ 4.11 Comparisons Between Rule 23(b)(1)(B) and Other Joinder Devices

(1)

§ 4.12 Preference Between Mandatory and Opt-Out Classes

(1)

§ 4.13 Opting Out of a Rule 23(b)(1) Class

(1)

II. Rule 23(b)(2)

(10)

A. Overview

(1)

B. Issues Under Rule 23(b)(2)

(9)

§ 4.14 General Requirements

(1)

§ 4.15 Whether the Party Seeking Certification Must Show Predominance of Common Issues

(2)

§ 4.16 Requirement That NonMonetary Relief Predominate Over Damages

(3)

§ 4.17 Medical Monitoring Under Rule 23(b)(2)

(1)

§ 4.18 Notice and Opt Out Rights

(1)

§ 4.19 Classes Appropriate for Certification Under Both Rule 23(b)(2) and Rule 23(b)(3)

(1)

§ 4.20 Defendant Classes Under Rule 23(b)(2)

(1)

§ 4.21 Whether Rule 23(b)(2) Contains a "Necessity" Requirement

(1)

III. Rule 23(b)(3)

(15)

A. Overview

(3)

B. Issues Under Rule 23(b)(3)

(12)

§ 4.22 Special Issues Regarding Fraud and Reliance

(2)

§ 4.23 Submission of a Trial Plan

(1)

§ 4.24 Securities Cases: Special Situations in Which a Court May Presume Reliance

(1)

§ 4.25 Predominance and Mass torts

(1)

§ 4.26 Rule 23(b)(3) Predominance and Choice-of-Law Concerns in Multi-Jurisdictional Class Actions

(1)

§ 4.27 Superiority in Rule 23(b)(3) Classes: Alternative Methods for Resolving the Dispute

(1)

§ 4.28 Assessing Superiority in Rule 23(b)(3) Classes Using Enumerated Factors

(1)

§ 4.29 Rule 23(b)(3)(A): Interest in Individual Control of Litigation

(2)

§ 4.30 Rule 23(b)(3)(B): Extent and Nature of Pending Litigation

(1)

§ 4.31 Rule 23(b)(3)(C): Desirability or Undesirability of Concentrating the Litigation in Particular Forum

(1)

§ 4.32 Rule 23(b)(3)(D): Manageability Issues

(2)

§ 4.33 Assessing Superiority in Rule 23(b)(3) Classes Using Factors Other Than Those Enumerated

100

(1)

Chapter 5. Litigating a Class Action

101

(46)

I. Strategic Considerations

101

(7)

A. Plaintiffs Perspective

101

(5)

B. Defendant's Perspective

106

(2)

II. Discovery in Class Actions

108

(17)

A. Class Certification Discovery

108

(15)

§ 5.1 Overview

108

(1)

§ 5.2 Granting or Denying Class Certification Without Discovery

109

(2)

§ 5.3 Conditional Certification or Deferral of Certification Pending Discovery

111

(1)

§ 5.4 Discovery of Merits Issues Prior to Class Certification

112

(2)

§ 5.5 Types of Pre-Certification Discovery

114

(1)

§ 5.6 Limitations on the Scope of Class Certification Discovery

115

(3)

§ 5.7 Discovery of Names of Absent Class Members

118

(2)

§ 5.8 Pre-Certification Discovery Directed at Absent Class Members

120

(1)

§ 5.9 Expert Discovery and Judicial Gatekeeping

121

(2)

B. Post-Certification Merits Discovery in Class Actions

123

(2)

§ 5.10 General Principles

123

(1)

§ 5.11 Discovery of the Unnamed Class Members' Individual Claims

124

(1)

§ 5.12 Penalties for Noncompliance With Discovery Requests

124

(1)

§ 5.13 Stay of Discovery Pending Dispositive Motions

125

(1)

III. The Class Certification Decision

125

(15)

A. Overview

125

(1)

B. Timing of Certification Decision

125

(2)

C. Raising the Certification Issue

127

(1)

D. Court's Obligation to Rule

128

(1)

E. Appropriateness of Inquiry into the Merits

129

(3)

F. The Certification Hearing

132

(2)

§ 5.14 Need for a Hearing on Class Certification

132

(1)

§ 5.15 Burden of Proof and Procedures at the Hearing

133

(1)

§ 5.16 Reasons for the Certification Ruling

134

(1)

G. Certification Options

134

(6)

§ 5.17 Conditional Certification

134

(1)

§ 5.18 Use of Subclasses

135

(2)

§ 5.19 Partial Certification and Bifurcation

137

(1)

§ 5.20 Multiple or Competing Classes

138

(1)

§ 5.21 Decertification

139

(1)

IV. Orders Controlling Class Proceedings

140

(4)

A. Rule 23(d)(1)

140

(1)

B. Rule 23(d)(2)

141

(1)

C. Rule 23(d)(3)

141

(2)

D. Rule 23(d)(4)

143

(1)

E. Rule 23(d)(5)

143

(1)

V. Miscellaneous Trial Issues

144

(1)

VI. Alternative Dispute Resolution

144

(3)

Chapter 6. Notice, Opt-Out Rights, and Communications With Class Members

147

(21)

I. Class Notice and "Opt-Out" Rights

147

(15)

A. Notice and Opt-Out Rights in Rule 23(b)(3) Class Actions

147

(3)

B. Methods for Providing Notice in Rule 23(b)(3) Class Actions

150

(1)

C. Timing of Rule 23(c)(2) Notice

151

(1)

D. Form and Content of Rule 23(c)(2) Notice

152

(1)

E. The Cost of Providing Notice in Rule 23(b)(3) Class Actions

153

(2)

F. Ability to Opt Out of a Rule 23(b)(3) Class

155

(1)

G. Notice in 23(b)(1) and 23(b)(2) Class Actions

156

(2)

H. Opt-Out Rights in (b)(1) and (b)(2) Classes

158

(2)

I. Other Notices Pursuant to Rule 23(d)(2)

160

(1)

J. Notice to Absent Class Members of Proposed Dismissal or Compromise Under Rule 23(e)

160

(2)

II. Communications With Class Members

162

(6)

A. Contacts With Potential Class Members Before Class Action is Filed

162

(1)

B. Communications With Potential Class Members Between Filing and Class Certification

162

(4)

§ 6.1 Reasons for Contacting Class Members

162

(1)

§ 6.2 Use of Rule 23(d) to Regulate Communications With Class Members

163

(1)

§ 6.3 The Gulf Oil Decision

163

(1)

§ 6.4 Developments After Gulf Oil

164

(1)

§ 6.5 Application of Gulf Oil to Defense Communications

165

(1)

§ 6.6 Correcting Misleading or Otherwise Improper Communications

166

(1)

C. Communications With Class Members After Class Certification

166

(2)

Chapter 7. Multi-Jurisdictional and State Court Class Actions

168

(45)

I. Nationwide and Other Multi-Jurisdictional Class Actions

169

(9)

A. Standards for Certifying a Multi-Jurisdictional Class

169

(2)

B. Procedural and Manageability Issues

171

(12)

§ 7.1 Overview

171

(1)

§ 7.2 Due Process Constraints on Multi-Jurisdictional Classes

171

(4)

§ 7.3 Post-Shutts Choice-of-Law Issues in Multi-Jurisdictional Class Actions

175

(3)

II. State Court Class Actions

178

(1)

A. Importance of State Court Class Actions Overview of State Class Action Rules

179

(4)

Chapter 8. Constitutional and Procedural Issues

183

(1)

I. Statute of Limitations Issues in Class Actions

183

(5)

A. Overview of "Tolling" Principles in Class Actions

183

(1)

B. When Tolling Ceases

184

(1)

C. Limitations on the American Pipe Tolling Rule

185

(1)

D. Application of American Pepe to Opt Outs

186

(1)

E. Amending Individual Actions to Assert Class Claims

187

(1)

II. Jurisdictional Issues

188

(6)

A. Aggregation of Claims for Purposes of Jurisdictional Amount

189

(3)

B. Determining Citizenship for Diversity Purposes

192

(2)

III. Res Judicata, Collateral Estoppel, and Parallel Federal and State-Court Proceedings

194

(12)

A. Claim Preclusion (Res Judicata) in the Class-Action Context

195

(3)

§ 8.1 Overview

195

(1)

§ 8.2 Nonparties Who May be Bound by the Prior Determination

196

(1)

§ 8.3 Class Members Who May Not be Bound by a Prior Adjudication

196

(2)

§ 8.4 Limitations Upon the Res Judicata Effect of Class Actions Seeking Only Declaratory or Injunctive Relief

198

(1)

B. Issue Preclusion (Collateral Estoppel) in the Class Action Context

198

(2)

C. Federal Control Over State Courts

200

(6)

§ 8.5 Binding Effect of State Court Settlements of Exclusively Federal Claims

200

(2)

§ 8.6 Binding Effect of Prior Federal Court Denial of Class Certification Upon a Later State Court Class Action

202

(2)

§ 8.7 Federal Court Attempts to Enjoin Competing State Court Class Actions

204

(2)

IV. Constitutional Issues

206

(7)

A. Seventh Amendment

206

(6)

§ 8.8 Overview

206

(1)

§ 8.9 Bifurcated Trials and the Reexamination Clause

207

(3)

§ 8.10 Criticism of the Rhone-Poulenc and Castano Approach

210

(1)

§ 8.11 Other Seventh Amendment Issues

211

(1)

B. Due Process Issues

212

(1)

Chapter 9. Settlements, Remedies, and Attorneys' Fees

213

(22)

I. Class Action Settlements

213

(14)

A. Overview: Interested Participants

214

(1)

B. Pre-Certification Settlement With Only Named Plaintiffs

214

(2)

C. Notice of a Pre-Certification Settlement of Individual Claims

216

(1)

D. Certification for Settlement Purposes

217

(3)

E. Considerations in Approving Settlements

220

(3)

F. Notice of Settlement After Certification

223

(2)

G. Opportunity to Opt Out of a Proposed Settlement

225

(1)

H. Objections to Settlement

226

(1)

II. Class Action Remedies

227

(3)

III. Attorneys' Fees

230

(21)

A. Overview of New Rule 23(h)

230

(1)

B. Methods for Setting the Amount of Fees

231

(4)

Chapter 10. Appellate Review

235

(16)

A. Whether an Order Denying Class Certification is a Final Decision Under 28 U.S.C. § 1291

237

(1)

B. Appeal From a Denial of Class Certification When Class Representative Fails to Prosecute Individual Claim

238

(1)

C. Appeal of Denial of Certification Under Federal Rule 54(b)

239

(1)

D. Appeal of Denial of Certification Under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1)

239

(1)

E. Appeal of Class Certification Ruling Under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b)

240

(1)

F. Mandamus Review of Certification Ruling

241

(2)

G. Appeal Under Rule 23(f)

243

(4)

H. Intervention for Purposes of Appeal

247

(1)

I. Whether Tender to Named Plaintiff's Over Their Objection Can Terminate Appellate Rights

248

(1)

J. Appeal From Settlement

249

(1)

K. Standard of Review

249

(2)

Chapter 11. Special Focus on Mass Tort, Employment Discrimination, and Securities Fraud Class Actions

251

(38)

I Mass Torts

251

(14)

A. Judicial Trends in Mass Torts Class Actions

253

(8)

§ 11.1 Mass Torts in the 1960's and 1970's

253

(1)

§ 11.2 Mass Torts in the Mid 1980's

254

(2)

§ 11.3 Recent Judicial Skepticism

256

(3)

§ 11.4 Responses to Judicial Skepticism

259

(2)

B. Other Issues in Mass Tort Cases

261

(5)

§ 11.5 Exposure-Only Claimants

261

(1)

§ 11.6 "Mature" Versus "Immature" Mass Torts

262

(1)

§ 11.7 Problems of Classwide Proof in Mass Tort Cases

262

(3)

II. Employment Discrimination Class Actions

265

(12)

A. Rule 23 Cases

266

(7)

§ 11.8 Applicability of Rule 23 Requirements in Discrimination Cases

266

(2)

§ 11.9 Distinction Between Disparate Impact and Disparate Treatment Claims

268

(1)

§ 11.10 Rule 23(b) Requirements

269

(2)

§ 11.11 Pattern-and-Practice Cases

271

(1)

§ 11.12 Whether a Finding of No Pattern or Practice Precludes Subsequent Individual Actions

271

(1)

§ 11.13 Seventh Amendment Issues

272

(1)

B. Collective Actions

273

(4)

§ 11.14 Overview of Age Discrimination Suits

273

(2)

§ 11.15 Notice to Plaintiffs in ADEA Cases

275

(1)

§ 11.16 Certification of an ADEA Case as a Collective Action

276

(1)

III. Securities Fraud Class Actions

277

(12)

A. Overview

277

(1)

B. Elements of a Rule 10b-5 Claim

278

(6)

§ 11.17 The Reliance Element

279

(1)

§ 11.18 Fraud-on-the-Market Approach to Reliance

280

(2)

§ 11.19 The Affiliated Ute Presumption of Reliance

282

(1)

§ 11.20 Fraud-Created-the-Market Theory

283

(1)

§ 11.21 Materiality of the Misrepresented or Omitted Fact

283

(1)

C. Reform Legislation

284

(5)

§ 11.22 The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995

284

(4)

§ 11.23 Post-Reform Act Federal Removal Legislation

288

(1)

Chapter 12. Defendant Class Actions, Derivative Suits, and Suits Involving Unincorporated Associations

289

(21)

I. Defendant Class Actions

289

(9)

A. Overview

289

(2)

B. Rule 23 Criteria and Defendant Classes

291

(5)

§ 12.1 Overview

291

(1)

§ 12.2 Typicality

291

(1)

§ 12.3 Adequacy of Representation

292

(1)

§ 12.4 Rule 23(b)(1)(A) Classes

293

(1)

§ 12.5 Rule 23(b)(1)(B) Classes

294

(1)

§ 12.6 Rule 23(b)(2) Classes

294

(1)

§ 12.7 Rule 23(b)(3) Classes

295

(1)

B. Other Issues

296

(2)

§ 12.8 Statutes of Limitation

296

(1)

§ 12.9 Notice

297

(1)

§ 12.10 Personal Jurisdiction

298

(1)

II. Shareholder Derivative Suits

298

(6)

A. Overview

298

(1)

B. Requirements of Rule 23.1

299

(5)

§ 12.11 Derivative Injury Requirement

300

(1)

§ 12.12 Plaintiff Must be a Share holder at the Time of the Alleged Wrongdoing

301

(1)

§ 12.13 Demand for Corporate Action

301

(1)

§ 12.14 Derivative Actions May Not be Collusive

302

(1)

§ 12.15 Plaintiff Must Fairly and Adequately Represent the Interests of Other Shareholders Similarly Situated

302

(1)

§ 12.16 Notice of a Proposed Settlement to Shareholders

303

(1)

§ 12.17 Court Approval of Settlement or Dismissal

303

(1)

III. Class Actions Involving Unincorporated Associations

304

(6)

A. Overview

304

(2)

B. Enactment of Federal Rule 23.2

306

(4)

§ 12.18 Diversity Jurisdiction Issues

306

(2)

§ 12.19 Limitation on Qualifying Organizations

308

(1)

§ 12.20 Incorporation of Rule 23 Requirements into Rule 23.2

308

(2)

Chapter 13. Ethical and Policy Issues in Class Actions

310

(61)

I. Ethical Issues in Class Actions

310

(8)

A. Overview

310

(1)

B. Attorney Communications With Class Members

311

(2)

§ 13.1 Pre-Certification Communications

311

(1)

§ 13.2 Post-Certification Communications

312

(1)

C. Conflicts of Interest

313

(3)

§ 13.3 Collusion Between Plaintiffs' Counsel and Defense Counsel in Settlements

313

(1)

§ 13.4 Conflicts Among Class Members

314

(1)

§ 13.5 Conflicts Between Class Counsel and the Class Members

315

(1)

§ 13.6 Contingent-Fee Agreements

315

(1)

D. Other Ethical Issues

316

(2)

§ 13.7 Advancing Costs of Litigation

316

(1)

§ 13.8 Restrictions on Right to Practice

317

(1)

§ 13.9 Failure to Communicate With Class Members

318

(1)

II. Policy and Reform Issues

318

(9)

A. Proposed Federal Legislation

318

(5)

B. Proposals by the Advisory Committee on Civil Rules

323

(4)

§ 13.10 Proposed Rule 23(b)(4) Settlement Classes

323

(1)

§ 13.11 Proposed Addition of "Maturity" and "Cost-Benefit" Factors to Rule 23(b)(3) Certification Analysis

324

(2)

Chapter 14. Non-Class Aggregation Devices Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

326

(3)

I. Permissive Joinder of Parties

327

(9)

A. Overview

327

(1)

B. Joinder of Plaintiffs

328

(4)

§ 14.1 Same Transaction or Occurrence

329

(1)

§ 14.2 Common Question of Fact or Law

330

(2)

§ 14.3 Interest in Obtaining All Relief Granted

332

(1)

C. Joinder of Defendants

332

(1)

D. Orders to Avoid Prejudice

333

(1)

E. Misjoinder of Parties

334

(1)

F. Jurisdictional Issues

334

(2)

II. Compulsory Joinder of Parties

336

(8)

A. Overview

336

(1)

B. Determination of Whether the Absent Party is Necessary

337

(3)

§ 14.4 Rule 19(a)(1) ("Complete Relief" Clause)

337

(1)

§ 14.5 Rule 19(a)(2)(i) ("Impair or Impede" Clause)

338

(2)

§ 14.6 Rule 19(a)(2)(ii) ("Multiple Liability" Clause)

340

(1)

C. Feasibility of Joinder

340

(1)

D. Resolution When Person Should Be Joined but Joinder is Not Feasible

341

(3)

E. Procedural Issues

344

(1)

III. Impleader

344

(8)

A. Overview

344

(2)

B. Circumstances in Which Impleader is Allowed

346

(2)

C. When Leave of Court is Required for Impleader

348

(1)

D. Assertion of Defenses

348

(1)

E. Pleading Requirements

349

(1)

F. Other Third Party Practice

349

(1)

G. Moving to Strike Third-Party Claims

350

(1)

H. Jurisdictional Requirements

350

(2)

IV. Interpleader

352

(4)

A. Overview

352

(1)

B. Rule Interpleader

352

(3)

§ 14.7 Stakeholder's Concern Over Multiple Claims

353

(1)

§ 14.8 At Least Two Adverse Claimants

353

(1)

§ 14.9 Jurisdiction, Venue, and Other Procedural Requirements for Rule Interpleader

354

(1)

§ 14.10 Two Stages of an Interpleader

354

(1)

C. Statutory Interpleader

355

(1)

§ 14.11 Overview

355

(1)

§ 14.12 Jurisdictional and Other Procedural Requirements for Statutory Interpleader

355

(1)

V. Intervention

356

(10)

A. Overview

356

(1)

B. General Requirements for Intervention as of Right

357

(5)

§ 14.13 Timeliness of a Motion to Intervene

358

(1)

§ 14.14 The Applicant's Interest in the Subject Matter

359

(1)

§ 14.15 Practical Impairment

360

(1)

§ 14.16 Inadequacy of Existing Representation

361

(1)

§ 14.17 Standing

361

(1)

C. Permissive Intervention

362

(2)

D. Procedures for Intervention

364

(1)

E. Jurisdictional Issues

365

(1)

F. Amicus Participation

366

(1)

VI. Consolidation

366

(5)

A. Overview

366

(1)

B. Nature and Purposes of Consolidation

367

(1)

C. Considerations in Evaluating Whether to Consolidate

368

(1)

D. Separate Trials

369

(2)

Chapter 15. Other Aggregation and Coordination Devices in Federal Practice

371

(20)

I. Multidistrict Litigation

371

(5)

A. Overview

371

(1)

B. Initiation of Proceedings Under Section 1407

372

(1)

C. Standards for Transfer

373

(1)

D. Selection of the Transferee Court

373

(1)

E. Effect of a Transfer Order

374

(1)

F. Transferee Court's Trial of a Case

375

(1)

G. Review of MDL Panel Rulings

375

(1)

II. Transfers Under 28 U.S.C. § 1404

376

(3)

A. Overview

376

(1)

B. Requirements for Transfer

376

(1)

C. For the Convenience of the Parties and Witnesses

377

(1)

D. Interest of Justice

377

(1)

E. Use of Section 1404(a) as an Aggregation Device

378

(1)

III. Multiparty, Multiforum Trial Jurisdiction Act of 2002

379

(1)

IV. Coordination Among Federal Courts

380

(1)

V. Bankruptcy as an Aggregation Device

381

(5)

VI. Federal/State Coordination

386

(5)

A. Overview

386

(2)

B. Reform Efforts Addressing Coordination of Federal and State Claims

388

(3)

INDEX

391

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Class Actions and Other Multi-Party Litigation in a Nutshell

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Class Actions and Other Multi-Party Litigation in a Nutshell

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Digital License