Classical Physics of Matter

Classical Physics of Matter explores the properties of matter that can be explained more or less directly in terms of classical physics. Among the topics discussed are the principles of flight and the operation of engines and refrigerators. The discussion introduces ideas such as temperature, heat, and entropy that will take you beyond Newtonian mechanics and into the realm of thermodynamics and statistical physics.

Introduction

6

(2)

From atoms to the phases of matter

8

(44)

A puzzle

8

(1)

Atoms: the building blocks of matter

8

(11)

The concept of an atom

8

(3)

Atomic sizes

11

(3)

Isotopes and ions

14

(1)

Atomic masses

15

(1)

Interactions between atoms

16

(3)

Atomic descriptions of the phases of matter

19

(7)

The gas phase

20

(3)

The liquid phase

23

(1)

The solid phase

24

(2)

Macroscopic variables

26

(8)

Density

26

(1)

Pressure

26

(2)

Temperature

28

(3)

Internal energy

31

(1)

Molar quantities

31

(2)

Response functions

33

(1)

Macroscopic equilibrium in ideal gases

34

(10)

Experiments on gases

35

(2)

The absolute temperature scale

37

(1)

The equation of state of an ideal gas

38

(4)

Internal energy equations of ideal gases

42

(1)

A puzzle resolved

43

(1)

Macroscopic descriptions of the phases of matter

44

(4)

The generic PVT surface and phases of matter

44

(2)

The generic UPT surface and latent heats

46

(2)

Closing items

48

(4)

Microscopic models of gases

52

(53)

Introduction

52

(1)

Chance and probability

53

(8)

Probability

53

(2)

Average values

55

(2)

Fluctuations

57

(1)

Dicing with Boltzmann

58

(3)

The pressure of a gas

61

(7)

Molecular bombardment

61

(1)

The simple gas model

62

(1)

Calculating the pressure

63

(5)

Distributions of speed and translational energy in gases

68

(8)

Measuring the distribution of molecular speeds

68

(3)

Analysing the experiment in terms of translational energy

71

(1)

What do the distributions of speed and translational energy depend on?

72

(1)

Distribution functions

73

(3)

Statistical mechanics

76

(16)

From chance to practical certainty

76

(2)

Defining configurations in a gas

78

(1)

Assigning probabilities to configurations

79

(1)

The Boltzmann distribution law

80

(4)

The distribution of molecular speed

84

(3)

The distribution of molecular translational energy

87

(5)

The equipartition of energy

92

(6)

Application to gases

94

(3)

Application to solids

97

(1)

Closing items

98

(7)

Appendix to Chapter 2 Computer simulations

103

(2)

Thermodynamics and entropy

105

(49)

Engine efficiency - an effect of thermodynamics

105

(2)

The first law of thermodynamics

107

(20)

Systems, states and processes

107

(2)

Heat and work

109

(3)

The first law of thermodynamics

112

(5)

The first law and heat capacities

117

(5)

Isothermal and adiabatic processes

122

(5)

The second law of thermodynamics

127

(14)

Reversible and irreversible processes

127

(1)

Adiabatic accessibility and the second law

128

(4)

Defining entropy

132

(6)

Entropy and heat flow

138

(1)

But what is entropy anyway?

139

(2)

Entropy, engines and refrigerators

141

(9)

Heat engines

141

(6)

Refrigerators

147

(3)

The third law of thermodynamics

150

(1)

Closing items

150

(4)

The physics of fluids

154

(36)

Introduction

154

(1)

Fluids at rest

155

(14)

Pressure in a fluid

155

(1)

The pressure experienced by a diver

156

(3)

The pressure experienced by a mountaineer

159

(7)

Buoyancy and Archimedes' principle

166

(3)

Ideal fluids in motion

169

(6)

Ideal flow

169

(2)

Conservation of mass and the equation of continuity

171

(1)

Conservation of energy and Bernoulli's equation

172

(2)

Bernoulli's principle in action

174

(1)

Non-ideal fluids in motion

175

(11)

Viscosity

175

(3)

Dynamical similarity and Reynolds number

178

(3)

Turbulence and its onset

181

(2)

The boundary layer

183

(3)

Flight

186

(1)

Closing items

187

(3)

Consolidation and skills development

190

(17)

Introduction

190

(1)

Overview of Chapters I to 4

190

(7)

The atomic hypothesis

191

(1)

The macroscopic view

192

(1)

A statistical approach to physics

193

(1)

The laws of thermodynamics

194

(1)

The meaning of temperature

195

(1)

The physics of fluids

196

(1)

Writing precise physical statements

197

(4)

Basic skills and knowledge test

201

(5)

Interactive questions

206

(1)

Physica problems

206

(1)

Answers and comments

207

(22)

Acknowledgements

229

(1)

Index

230

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Classical Physics of Matter

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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5% off 1 book, 7% off 2 books, 10% off 3+ books

Classical Physics of Matter

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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