Clayey Barrier Systems for Waste Disposal

Deals with the design of barrier systems which separate waste from the surrounding environment, which are intended to prevent contamination of both groundwater and surface waters.

Preface

ix

Basic concepts

1

(34)

Introduction

1

(1)

Overview of barrier systems

1

(11)

Transport mechanisms and governing equations

12

(14)

Complicating factors

26

(2)

Modeling the finite mass of contaminant

28

(1)

Modeling a thin permeable layer as a boundary condition

29

(2)

Hand solutions to some simple problems

31

(3)

Summary

34

(1)

Design considerations

35

(47)

Introduction

35

(1)

Impact assessment

36

(2)

Waste and leachate composition

38

(12)

Leachate mounding and collection

50

(17)

Leakage through liners

67

(5)

Leak detection systems

72

(2)

Landfill capping and the control of infiltration

74

(2)

Choice of barrier system and service life considerations

76

(1)

Geotechnical considerations

77

(4)

Summary

81

(1)

Clayey barriers: compaction, hydraulic conductivity and clay mineralogy

82

(38)

Introduction

82

(2)

Methods of assessing hydraulic conductivity

84

(18)

Compaction-permeability relationships

102

(6)

Clay mineralogy

108

(7)

Clay colloid chemistry

115

(5)

Clay-leachate compatibility by measurement of hydraulic conductivity

120

(25)

Introduction

120

(2)

Soil-MSW leachate compatibility

122

(9)

Compatibility of clays with liquid hydrocarbon permeants

131

(12)

Summary and conclusions

143

(2)

Flow modeling

145

(18)

Introduction

145

(1)

One-dimensional flow models

145

(11)

Analysis of two- and three-dimensional flow

156

(2)

Finite difference approximation

158

(1)

Application of the finite element method to the analysis of plane flow

159

(2)

Boundary element methods

161

(2)

Chemical transfer by diffusion

163

(15)

Introduction

163

(1)

Free solution diffusion (D0c)

163

(3)

Diffusion through soil

166

(1)

Steady-state diffusion

167

(4)

Transient diffusion

171

(3)

Use of laboratory and field profiles to measure diffusion coefficient De

174

(1)

Diffusion during hydraulic conductivity testing for clay-leachate compatibility

175

(1)

Summary and conclusions

176

(2)

Contaminant transport modeling

178

(23)

Introduction

178

(2)

Analytical solutions

180

(5)

Application of Laplace transforms to develop a finite layer solution for a single layer

185

(2)

Contaminant transport into a single layer considering a landfill of finite mass and an underlying aquifer

187

(2)

Finite layer analysis

189

(8)

Contaminant migration in a regularly fractured medium

197

(4)

Determination of diffusion and distribution coefficients

201

(28)

Introduction

201

(1)

Obtaining diffusion and partitioning/distribution coefficients: basic concepts

201

(3)

Example tests for obtaining diffusion and distribution coefficients for inorganic contaminants

204

(9)

Dispersion at low velocities in clayey soils

213

(1)

Effective porosity

214

(1)

Distribution coefficients and nonlinearity

214

(2)

Effect of leachate composition, interaction and temperature

216

(3)

Diffusion and sorption of organic contaminants

219

(1)

Use of field profiles to estimate diffusion coefficients

220

(1)

Summary and conclusions

221

(8)

Field studies of diffusion and hydraulic conductivity

229

(17)

Introduction

229

(1)

Examples of long-term field diffusion

229

(4)

Examples of short-term field diffusion

233

(7)

Hydraulic conductivity of contaminated clay liners

240

(6)

Contaminant migration in intact porous media: analysis and design considerations

246

(22)

Introduction

246

(1)

Mass of contaminant, the reference height of leachate, Hr, and the equivalent height of leachate, Hf

246

(9)

Development of a contaminant plume

255

(2)

Effect of base velocity

257

(1)

Effect of horizontal dispersivity in an underlying aquifer

258

(1)

Effect of thickness of an aquifer beneath the barrier

259

(1)

Effect of landfill size on potential impact

260

(1)

1 1/2-D versus 2-D analysis and modeling of the aquifer beneath a liner

261

(2)

Effect of sorption

263

(1)

Effect of liner thickness

264

(1)

Effect of Darcy velocity in the barrier and design for negligible impact

264

(4)

Migration in fractured media: analysis and design considerations

268

(37)

Introduction

268

(2)

Numerical considerations

270

(2)

Lateral migration through fractured media

272

(18)

Vertical migration through fractured media and into an underlying aquifer

290

(13)

Summary

303

(2)

Integration of hydrogeology and engineering in the design of barriers and assessment of impact

305

(45)

Introduction

305

(1)

Hydraulic conductivity of aquitards

305

(12)

Some considerations in the design of highly engineered systems

317

(9)

Effect of an engineered facility on groundwater levels (shadow effect)

326

(2)

Service life of collection systems, leachate monitoring and trigger levels

328

(1)

Contaminating lifespan and finite mass of contaminant

329

(6)

Failure of underdrain systems

335

(12)

Modeling the service life of primary and secondary systems

347

(1)

Summary

348

(2)

Appendix A Glossary

350

(11)

Appendix B Notation

361

(5)

Appendix C Specific solution for matrix diffusion: one-dimensional, two-dimensional or three-dimensional conditions

366

(3)

References

369

(13)

Author index

382

(3)

Subject index

385

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Clayey Barrier Systems for Waste Disposal Facilities

Summary

Table of Contents

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Clayey Barrier Systems for Waste Disposal Facilities

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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