Cognitive Psychology Mind and Brain

, by Smith, Edward E.; Kosslyn, Stephen M.

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ISBN: 9780131825086 | 0131825089
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/27/2019

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In Cognitive Psychology: Mind and Brain, Edward E. Smith and Stephen M. Kosslyn present a fresh take on a well-established field. Taking advantage of developing neurological methods and data, for the first time students are able to use a text that fully integrates this approach into psychological theory. With well respected specialists commenting on the latest research in the field, the Smith/Kosslyn text makes for an exciting and relevant picture of cognitive science.

Preface

CHAPTER 1 How the Brain Gives Rise to the Mind

(48)

1. A Brief History: How We Got Here

(6)

1.1. In the Beginning: The Contents of Consciousness,

(2)

1.2. Psychology in the World,

(1)

1.3. Behaviorism: Reaction against the Unobservable,

(1)

1.4. The Cognitive Revolution,

(2)

2. Understanding the Mind: The Form of Theories of Cognition

(8)

2.1. Mind and Brain,

(2)

2.2. Mental Representation,

(1)

2.3. Mental Processing,

(2)

2.4. Why the Brain?,

(4)

DEBATE: What Is the Nature of Visual Mental Imagery?

(1)

3. The Cognitive

(7)

3.1. Neurons: The Building Blocks of the Brain,

(1)

3.2. Structure of the Nervous System,

(6)

4. Studying Cognition

(20)

4.1. Converging Evidence for Dissociations and Associations,

(2)

4.2. Behavioral Methods,

(2)

4.3. Correlational Neural Methods: The Importance of Localization,

(7)

4.4. Causal Neural Methods,

(4)

4.5. Modeling,

(2)

4.6. Neural-Network Models,

(2)

5. Overview of the Book

(1)

Revisit and Reflect

(4)

CHAPTER 2 Perception

(54)

1. What It Means to Perceive

(3)

2. How It Works: The Case of Visual Perception

(4)

2.1. The Structure of the Visual System,

(2)

2.2. Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing,

(1)

2.3. Learning to See,

(1)

3. Building from the Bottom Up: From Features to Objects

(13)

3.1. Processing Features, the Building Blocks of Perception,

(7)

3.2. Putting it Together: What Counts, What Doesn't,

(5)

4. Achieving Visual Recognition: Have I Seen You Before?

(15)

4.1. A Brain That Cannot Recognize,

(1)

4.2. Models of Recognition,

(14)

A CLOSER LOOK: Visual Feature Detectors in the Brain

(7)

DEBATE: A Set of Blocks or Cat's Cradle: Modular or Distributed Representations?

(1)

5. Interpreting from the Top Down: What You Know Guides What you See

(8)

5.1. Using Context,

(5)

5.2. Models of Top-Down Processing,

(3)

6. In Models and Brains: The Interactive Nature of Perception

(6)

6.1. Refining Recognition,

(1)

6.2. Resolving Ambiguity,

(2)

6.3. Seeing the "What" and the "Where",

(2)

Revisited and Reflect

(4)

CHAPTER 3 Attention

103

(44)

1. The Nature and Roles of Attention

104

(24)

1.1. Failures of Selection,

105

(13)

DEBATE: Cars and Conversation

114

(4)

1.2. Successes of Selection,

118

(10)

2. Explaining Attention: Information-Processing Theories

128

(6)

2.1. Early versus Late Attentional Selection,

128

(2)

2.2. Spotlight Theory,

130

(1)

2.3. Feature Integration Theory and Guided Search,

131

(3)

3. Looking to the Brain

134

(5)

3.1. Electrophysiology and Human Attention,

135

(1)

3.2. Functional Neuroimaging and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation,

136

(3)

4. Competition: A Single Explanatory Framework for Attention?

139

(5)

A CLOSER LOOK: Competition and Selection

142

(2)

Revisit and Reflect

144

(3)

CHAPTER 4 Representation and Knowledge in Long-Term Memory

147

(45)

1. Roles of Knowledge in Cognition

148

(3)

2. Representations and Their Formats

151

(17)

2.1. Memories and Representations,

152

(1)

2.2. Four Possible Formats for Representations,

153

(13)

A CLOSER LOOK: Behavioral Evidence for Mental Imagery

159

(5)

DEBATE: Do Amodal Representations Exist?

164

(2)

2.3. Multiple Representational Formats in Perception and Simulation,

166

(2)

3. From Representation to Category Knowledge

168

(6)

3.1. The Inferential Power of Category Knowledge,

169

(1)

3.2. The Multimodal Nature of Category Knowledge,

170

(1)

3.3. Multimodal Mechanisms and Category Knowledge: Behavioral Evidence,

171

(1)

3.4. Multimodal Mechanisms and Category Knowledge: Neural Evidence,

172

(2)

4. Structures in Category Knowledge

174

(8)

4.1. Exemplars and Rules,

174

(4)

4.2. Prototypes and Typicality,

178

(1)

4.3. Background Knowledge,

179

(2)

4.4. Dynamic Representation,

181

(1)

5. Category Domains and Organization

182

(7)

5.1. Distinguishing Domains of Category Knowledge in the Brain,

182

(3)

5.2. Taxonomies and the Search for a "Basic Level",

185

(4)

Revisit and Reflect

189

(3)

CHAPTER 5 Encoding and Retrieval from Long-Term Memory

192

(47)

1. The Nature of Long-Term Memory

193

(8)

1.1. The Forms of Long-Term Memory,

194

(1)

1.2. The Power of Memory: The Story of H.M.,

195

(4)

1.3. Multiple Systems for Long-Term Learning and Remembering,

199

(2)

2. Encoding: How Episodic Memories Are Formed

201

(13)

2.1. The Importance of Attention,

202

(1)

2.2. Levels of Processing and Elaborative Encoding,

203

(5)

A CLOSER LOOK: Transfer Appropriate Processing

206

(2)

2.3. Enhancers of Encoding: Generation and Spacing,

208

(3)

2.4. Episodic Encoding, Binding, and the Medial Temporal Lobe,

211

(3)

2.5. Consolidation: The Fixing of Memory,

214

(1)

3. Retrieval: How We Recall the Past from Episodic Memory

214

(10)

3.1. Pattern Completion and Recapitulation,

215

(1)

3.2. Episodic Retrieval and the Frontal Lobes,

216

(1)

3.3. Cues for Retrieval,

217

(1)

3.4. The Second Time Around: Recognizing Stimuli by Recollection and Familiarity,

218

(1)

3.5 Misremembering the Past,

219

(5)

DEBATE: "Remembering," "Knowing," and the Medial Temporal Lobes

220

(4)

4. The Encoding Was Successful, But I Still Can't Remember

224

(5)

4.1. Ebbinghaus's Forgetting Function,

224

(1)

4.2. Forgetting and Competition,

225

(4)

5. Nondeclarative Memory Systems

229

(6)

5.1. Priming,

230

(3)

5.2. Beyond Printing: Other Forms of Nondeclarative Memory,

233

(2)

Revisit and Reflect

235

(4)

CHAPTER 6 Working Memory

239

(41)

1. Using Working Memory

240

(2)

1.1. A Computer Metaphor,

240

(1)

1.2. Implications of the Nature of Working Memory,

241

(1)

2. From Primary Memory to Working Memory: A Brief History

242

(8)

2.1. William James: Primary Memory, Secondary Memory and Consciousness,

243

(1)

2.2. Early Studies: The Characteristics of Short-Term Memory,

243

(4)

2.3. The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model: The Relationship of Short-Term and Long-Term Memory,

247

(1)

2.4. The Baddeley-Hitch Model: Working Memory,

248

(2)

3. Understanding the Working Memory Model

250

(12)

3.1. The Phonological Loop: When It Works and When It Doesn't,

250

(6)

3.2. The Visuopatial Scratchpad,

256

(3)

3.3. The Central Executive,

259

(1)

DEBATE: How Are Working Memory Functions Organized in the Brain?

260

(1)

3.4. Are There Really Two Distant Storage Systems?,

260

(2)

4. How Working Memory Works

262

(11)

4.1. Mechanisms of Active Maintenance,

262

(6)

4.2. The Role of the Prefrontal Cortex: Storage or Control?,

268

(5)

A CLOSER LOOK: Mechanisms of Working Memory Storage in the Monkey Brain

270

(3)

5. Current Directions

273

(3)

5.1. The Episodic Buffer,

274

(1)

5.2. Person-to-Person Variation,

274

(1)

5.3. The Role of Dopamine,

275

(1)

Revisit and Reflect

276

(4)

CHAPTER 7 Executive Processes

280

(45)

1. The Frontal Lobe Connection

282

(3)

2. Frontal Damage and the Frontal Hypothesis

285

(4)

3. Executive Attention

289

(12)

3.1. A Neural-Network Model of Conflict in Processing,

291

(6)

3.2. Executive Attention and Categorization,

297

(1)

3.3. The Role of Consciousness,

298

(3)

A CLOSER LOOK: Prefrontal Damage, Reasoning, and Category Decisions

299

(2)

4. Switching Attention

301

(7)

4.1. The Costs of Switching,

301

(2)

4.2. A Framework for Understanding Task Switching,

303

(2)

4.3. The Neural-Switcher Hypothesis,

305

(1)

4.4. What Gets Switched?,

306

(2)

5. Inhibition of Response

308

(4)

5.1. Representative Cases of Response Inhibition,

308

(2)

5.2. Development of Response Inhibition,

310

(2)

6. Sequencing

312

(6)

6.1. Mechanisms for Sequencing,

312

(4)

6.2. Sequencing Connected Items,

316

(2)

7. Monitoring

318

(4)

7.1. Monitoring Working Memory,

318

(2)

7.2. Monitoring for Errors,

320

(8)

DEBATE: How Many Executive Processes Does It Take...?

321

(1)

Revisit and Reflect

322

(3)

CHAPTER 8 Emotion and Cognition

325

(41)

1. The Connection

326

(2)

2. Defining Emotion

328

(6)

2.1. Basic Emotions,

329

(2)

2.2. Dimensional Approaches,

331

(3)

3. Manipulating and Measuring Emotion

334

(3)

3.1. Manipulation by Mood Induction,

334

(1)

3.2. Manipulation by Evocative Stimuli,

334

(1)

3.3. Measuring Emotion Directly,

334

(1)

3.4. Measuring Emotion Indirectly,

335

(2)

4. Emotional Learning: Acquiring Evaluations

337

(11)

4.1. Classical Conditioning,

338

(4)

4.2. Instrumental Conditioning: Learning by Reward or Punishment,

342

(2)

4.3. Instructional and Observational Learning,

344

(3)

A CLOSER LOOK: Expressing Imaginary Fears

346

(1)

4.4. Mere Exposure,

347

(1)

5. Emotion and Declarative Memory

348

(8)

5.1. Arousal and Memory,

348

(3)

5.2. Stress and Memory,

351

(1)

5.3. Mood and Memory,

352

(1)

5.4. Memory for Emotional Public Events,

353

(3)

6. Emotion, Attention, and Perception

356

(7)

6.1. Emotion and the Capture of Attention,

356

(2)

6.2. Facilitation of Attention and Perception,

358

(9)

DEBATE: Is the Detection of Threat Automatic?

359

(4)

Revisit and Reflect

363

(3)

CHAPTER 9 Decision Making

366

(45)

1. The Nature of a Decision

367

(5)

1.1. The Science of Decision Making,

367

(2)

1.2. The Decision Tree,

369

(3)

2. Rational Decision Making: The Expected Utility Model

372

(8)

2.1. How the Model Works,

373

(1)

2.2. The Expected Utility Model and Behavioral Research,

374

(5)

2.3. General Limitations of the Expected Utility Model,

379

(1)

3. Neural Bases of Expected Utility Calculations

380

(5)

4. Human Decision Making and the Expected Utility Model: How Close a Fit?

385

(18)

4.1. Preference, Transitivity, and Procedural Invariance: Behavioral Violations,

385

(2)

4.2. Rationality—Up to a Point,

387

(3)

DEBATE: Are Humans Rational Animals?

389

(1)

4.3. Framing Effects and Prospect Theory,

390

(3)

4.4. The Role of Emotions in Valuation: The Allais Paradox,

393

(1)

4.5. The Role of Emotions in Valuation: Temporal Discounting and Dynamic Inconsistency,

394

(3)

A CLOSER LOOK: Separate Systems Value Immediate versus Delayed Rewards

396

(1)

4.6. Judgments in the Face of Ambiguity,

397

(2)

4.7. Judgments about Likelihood in the Face of Uncertainty,

399

(4)

5. Complex, Uncertain Decision Making

403

(4)

Revisit and Reflect

407

(4)

CHAPTER 10 Problem Solving and Reasoning

411

(40)

1. The Nature of Problem Solving

412

(12)

1.1. The Structure of a Problem,

414

(2)

1.2. Problem Space Theory,

416

(1)

1.3. Strategies and Heuristics,

417

(4)

1.4. The Role of Working Memory and Executive Processes,

421

(2)

1.5. How Experts Solve Problems,

423

(1)

2. Analogical Reasoning

424

(5)

2.1. Using Analogies,

425

(2)

2.2. Theories of Analogical Reasoning,

427

(1)

2.3. Beyond Working Memory,

428

(1)

3. Inductive Reasoning

429

(8)

3.1. General Inductions,

429

(3)

3.2. Specific Inductions,

432

(2)

3.3. Critical Brain Networks,

434

(3)

4. Deductive Reasoning

437

(11)

4.1. Categorical Syllogisms,

437

(2)

4.2. Conditional Syllogisms,

439

(1)

4.3. Errors in Deductive Thinking,

440

(3)

4.4. Theories of Deductive Reasoning,

443

(3)

A CLOSER LOOK: Logic and Belief

444

(2)

DEBATE: Errors and Evolution

446

(1)

4.5. Linguistic versus Spatial Basis,

446

(2)

Revisit and Reflect

448

(3)

CHAPTER 11 Motor Cognition and Mental Simulation

451

(31)

1. The Nature of Motor Cognition

452

(4)

1.1. Perception—Action Cycles,

453

(1)

1.2. The Nature of Motor Processing in the Brain,

453

(2)

1.3. The Role of Shared Representations,

455

(1)

2. Mental Simulation and the Motor System

456

(8)

2.1. Motor Priming and Mental Representation,

456

(2)

2.2. Motor Programs,

458

(2)

2.3. Mental Simulation of Action,

460

(4)

A CLOSER LOOK: Taking Perspective

462

(2)

3. Imitation

464

3.1. The Development of Imitation,

464

(3)

3.2. The Cognitive Components of Imitation,

467

(2)

3.3. Simulation Theories of Action Understanding,

469

(2)

DEBATE: How Do We Know Whose Plan It Is?

470

(1)

3.4. Mirror Neurons and Self—Other Mapping,

471

4. Biological Motion

273

(207)

4.1. The Perception of Biological Motion,

474

(2)

4.2. Processing Biological Motion,

476

(1)

4.3. Motor Cognition in Motion Perception,

476

(4)

Revisit and Reflect

480

(2)

CHAPTER 12 Language

482

(50)

1. The Nature of Language

483

(10)

1.1. Levels of Language Representation,

483

(6)

1.2. Language versus Animal Communication,

489

(4)

2. Processes of Language Comprehension

493

(23)

2.1. The Triangle Model of the Lexicon,

493

(1)

2.2. Ambiguity: A Pervasive Challenge to Comprehension,

494

(2)

2.3. Speech Perception,

496

(6)

A CLOSER LOOK: Multiple Hypotheses during Spoken Word Recognition

499

(3)

2.4. Representing Meaning,

502

(4)

2.5. Sentence Comprehension,

506

(3)

2.6. Figurative Language,

509

(1)

2.7. Reading,

510

(6)

3. Processes of Language Production

516

(8)

3.1. Grammatical Encoding,

518

(2)

3.2. Phonological Encoding,

520

(2)

3.3. Integrating Grammatical and Phonological Stages,

522

(2)

4. Language, Thought and Bilingualism

524

(4)

4.1. Language and Though,

524

(1)

4.2. Bilingualism,

525

(3)

DEBATE: Are There Sensitive Periods for the Acquisition of Language?

526

(2)

Revisit and Reflect

528

(4)

Glossary

532

(11)

References

543

(51)

Subject Index

594

(11)

Author Index

605

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Cognitive Psychology Mind and Brain

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials