Colloidal Science of Flotation

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ISBN: 9780824747824 | 0824747828
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/17/2003

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Keeping pace with explosive developments in the field, Colloidal Science of Flotation reviews and updates the fundamentals of the bubble-particle collection phenomenon using a self-consistent approach that helps readers understand the hydrodynamic aspects of bubble-particle collection. The authors examine bubble rise velocity, water velocity around air bubbles, the thinning of intervening liquid films, the stability of particle-bubble aggregates, and macroscopic processes in froth. They also survey the applicability of emerging technologies in industrial flotation deinking, wastewater treatment, flotation of plastics, and improvements in minerals and coal flotation.

In Memoriam

iii

Preface

Units and Physical Constants

xvii

Mathematical Symbols

xix

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1 Flotation and the Flotation Process

(16)

1.1 Introductory notions of flotation

(6)

1.2 Historical perspective

(6)

1.3 Summary

(1)

1.4 Books on flotation history

(1)

References

(3)

Chapter 2 Colloidal Aspects of Flotation

(14)

2.1 Physicochemical research in flotation

(4)

2.2 Flotation and colloidal science

(3)

2.3 Summary

(1)

2.4 An overview of the book

(1)

References

(6)

PART 2 DYNAMICS OF PARTICLES AND BUBBLES IN FLOTATION

Chapter 3 Hydrodynamics

(36)

3.1 Equations of hydrodynamics

(7)

3.2 Turbulent flow

(4)

3.3 Macro and micro turbulence characteristics

(11)

3.4 Cell hydrodynamics

(3)

3.5 Multiphase turbulent flows

(7)

3.6 Summary

(1)

List of common symbols

(1)

References

(3)

Chapter 4 Particle Settling Velocity

(30)

4.1 Fundamentals

(5)

4.2 Settling velocity of single spheres

(5)

4.3 Transient period of particle settling

(2)

4.4 Settling of non-spherical particles

(7)

4.5 Settling of particles in flotation systems

(8)

4.6 Summary

(1)

List of common symbols

(1)

References

(1)

Chapter 5 Bubble Rise Velocity

(24)

5.1 Physicochemical hydrodynamics and interfacial rheology

(4)

5.2 Experimental data and correlation

103

(4)

5.3 Bubble rise velocity in the flotation contaminated water

107

(8)

5.4 Bubble size and air dispersion in flotation

115

(4)

5.5 Summary

119

(1)

List of common symbols

120

(1)

References

121

(2)

Chapter 6 Water Velocity around Air Bubbles

123

(32)

6.1 Physical and mathematical problem formulation

123

(5)

6.2 Analytical and approximate solutions

128

(10)

6.3 Numerical solutions

138

(4)

6.4 Empirical prediction of the water velocity near a bubble surface at intermediate Re

142

(9)

6.5 Summary

151

(1)

List of common symbols

151

(2)

References

153

(2)

Chapter 7 Motion of Particles in Flotation

155

(18)

7.1 Generalized equations of motion

155

(5)

7.2 Motion of particles in a quiescent liquid

160

(3)

7.3 Motion of particles in a moving liquid

163

(5)

7.4 Summary

168

(2)

List of common symbols

170

(1)

References

171

(2)

Chapter 8 Bubble-Particle Interaction

173

(12)

8.1 Processes of bubble-particle interaction

173

(3)

8.2 Bubble-particle interaction efficiencies

176

(3)

8.3 Collision rates

179

(3)

8.4 Summary

182

(1)

List of common symbols

182

(1)

References

182

(3)

PART 3 BUBBLE-PARTICLE ENCOUNTER INTERACTION

Chapter 9 Determination of Encounter Efficiency

185

(12)

9.1 Some notes of encounter interaction

185

(1)

9.2 Encounter efficiency as a function of velocity

186

(4)

9.3 Encounter efficiency versus grazing radius

190

(5)

9.4 Summary

195

(1)

List of common symbols

196

(1)

References

196

(1)

Chapter 10 Motion of Particles Diverted by Bubbles

197

(12)

10.1 Scaling and solution

197

(3)

10.2 The asymptotic expansion for low Stokes numbers

200

(3)

10.3 Transformation of the integro-differential equation of particle motion into an ordinary differential equation

203

(4)

10.4 Summary

207

(1)

List of common symbols

207

(1)

References

208

(1)

Chapter 11 Theory of Encounter Efficiency

209

(30)

11.1 Introduction

209

(1)

11.2 Encounter by gravity

210

(1)

11.3 Encounter by interception

211

(2)

11.4 Encounter by inertial impaction

213

(6)

11.5 Encounter by simultaneous gravity and interception

219

(6)

11.6 Encounter by combined mechanisms with low St

225

(3)

11.7 Encounter by turbulent motions

228

(5)

11.8 Overall encounter efficiency

233

(2)

11.9 Summary

235

(1)

List of common symbols

235

(1)

References

236

(3)

Chapter 12 Experimental Investigations of Encounter Interaction

239

(18)

12.1 Introduction

239

(3)

12.2 Direct methods

242

(5)

12.3 Indirect methods

247

(6)

12.4 Summary

253

(1)

List of common symbols

253

(1)

References

254

(3)

PART 4 BUBBLE-PARTICLE ATTACHMENT INTERACTION

Chapter 13 Contact Time Theories

257

(28)

13.1 Introduction

257

(1)

13.2 Collision contact time

258

(7)

13.3 Sliding contact time

265

(10)

13.4 Experimental determination of contact times

275

(7)

13.5 Summary

282

(1)

List of common symbols

282

(1)

References

283

(2)

Chapter 14 Properties of the Intervening Liquid Films

285

(12)

14.1 Disjoining pressure

285

(7)

14.2 Surface forces

292

(3)

14.3 Summary

295

(1)

List of common symbols

295

(1)

References

296

(1)

Chapter 15 van der Waals Forces

297

(26)

15.1 Introduction

297

(1)

15.2 Hamaker approach

298

(4)

15.3 Continuum approach

302

(4)

15.4 Prediction of the Hamaker constant

306

(7)

15.5 Electromagnetic retardation - the Hamaker function

313

(4)

15.6 Influence of electrolytes - screened and retarded Hamaker function

317

(2)

15.7 Summary

319

(1)

List of common symbols

319

(1)

References

320

(3)

Chapter 16 Electrical Double-Layer Forces

323

(36)

16.1 Introduction

323

(7)

16.2 Debye-Hückel approximation

330

(8)

16.3 Superposition approximations

338

(3)

16.4 Numerical computation of double-layer interaction energy

341

(9)

16.5 Zeta potentials

350

(5)

16.6 Summary

355

(1)

List of common symbols

356

(1)

References

357

(2)

Chapter 17 Non-DLVO Surface Forces

359

(28)

17.1 Introduction

359

(3)

17.2 Hydration forces

362

(2)

17.3 Hydrophobic forces

364

(9)

17.4 Surface forces mediated by macromolecules

373

(8)

17.5 Summary

381

(1)

List of common symbols

382

(1)

References

383

(4)

Chapter 18 Thinning of Intervening Liquid Films

387

(28)

18.1 Introduction

387

(1)

18.2 Thinning of liquid films between parallel planar surfaces: the Stefan-Reynolds equation

387

(8)

18.3 Thinning of liquid films between a sphere and a planar surface or two spheres: the Taylor equation

395

(3)

18.4 Thinning of liquid films with deformed gas-liquid interfaces

398

(2)

18.5 Thinning of liquid films at the sliding interaction

400

(5)

18.6 Short-range hydrodynamic resistance functions

405

(6)

18.7 Summary

411

(1)

List of common symbols

412

(1)

References

413

(2)

Chapter 19 Rupture of the Intervening Liquid Film

415

(30)

19.1 Film rupture by interfacial waves

415

(3)

19.2 Rupture of non-draining films

418

(7)

19.3 Rupture of draining films

425

(5)

19.4 Film rupture by gas cavities

430

(5)

19.5 Heterogeneous bubble nucleation

435

(5)

19.6 Summary

440

(1)

List of common symbols

440

(3)

References

443

(2)

Chapter 20 Experimental Studies of Thinning Liquid Films

445

(36)

20.1 Introduction

445

(1)

20.2 Light interference at liquid film interfaces

445

(5)

20.3 Experimental studies of wetting films

450

(15)

20.4 Influence of electrolytes, collectors, macromolecules and surface modifications

465

(5)

20.5 Evidences of submicroscopic bubbles nucleated at heterogeneous surfaces

470

(3)

20.6 Significance for the flotation process

473

(2)

20.7 Summary

475

(1)

List of common symbols

476

(1)

References

477

(4)

Chapter 21 Three-Phase Contact Expansion

481

(26)

21.1 Introduction

481

(1)

21.2 Molecular-kinetic theory

482

(4)

21.3 Hydrodynamic theory

486

(9)

21.4 Expansion of air bubble-solid surface contact

495

(8)

21.5 Summary

503

(1)

List of common symbols

503

(1)

References

504

(3)

Chapter 22 Modeling of Attachment Efficiency

507

(20)

22.1 Introduction

507

(1)

22.2 Potential flow: Sutherland's model

508

(4)

22.3 Intermediate Reynolds number flow: Yoon-Luttrell's model

512

(1)

22.4 Fore-and-aft asymmetric flow: Dobby-Finch's model

513

(2)

22.5 Generalized Nguyen's model

515

(6)

22.6 Determination of induction time

521

(1)

22.7 Summary

522

(1)

List of common symbols

522

(1)

References

523

(4)

PART 5 STABILITY OF BUBBLE-PARTICLE AGGREGATES

Chapter 23 Force Analysis of Particle-Meniscus Stability

527

(34)

23.1 Forces on a sphere attached to a planar air-water interface

527

(5)

23.2 Meniscus shape: numerical solution to the Young-Laplace Equation

532

(9)

23.3 Approximate equations for the meniscus depression

541

(8)

23.4 Tenacity of particle attachment to meniscus

549

(2)

23.5 Forces on a bubble attached to a planar solid surface

551

(5)

23.6 Summary

556

(1)

List of common symbols

557

(1)

References

558

(3)

Chapter 24 Force Analysis of Bubble-Particle Stability

561

(34)

24.1 Forces on a sphere attached to a bubble

562

(3)

24.2 Influence of the bubble size

565

(4)

24.3 Influence of the hysteresis of contact angle

569

(4)

24.4 Influence of the particle shape

573

(11)

24.5 Influence of the lateral interaction

584

(6)

24.6 Summary

590

(1)

List of common symbols

590

(2)

References

592

(3)

Chapter 25 Energy Analysis of Bubble-Particle Stability

595

(18)

25.1 Minimization of free energy of a stable particle-interface system

595

(6)

25.2 Thermodynamic energy analysis of the particle detachment

601

(3)

25.3 Determination of the detachment energy

604

(5)

25.4 Summary

609

(1)

List of common symbols

609

(2)

References

611

(2)

Chapter 26 Strength of Bubble-Particle Aggregates

613

(38)

26.1 Strength of bubble-particle aggregates in the gravitational force field

613

(4)

26.2 Strength of bubble-particle aggregates in the turbulent flow field

617

(12)

26.3 Strength of bubble-particle aggregates against the bubble vibration

629

(4)

26.4 Experiments on the bubble-particle aggregate stability

633

(7)

26.5 Efficiency of the bubble-particle aggregate stability

640

(5)

26.6 Summary

645

(1)

List of common symbols

645

(1)

References

646

(5)

PART 6 FLOTATION FROTH

Chapter 27 Froth Structure

651

(26)

27.1 Introduction

651

(4)

27.2 Plateau's rules and elements of froth structure

655

(4)

27.3 Shape of polyhedral bubbles

659

(5)

27.4 Structure of wet froth

664

(3)

27.5 Structure of disordered froth

667

(6)

27.6 Summary

673

(1)

List of common symbols

674

(1)

References

675

(2)

Chapter 28 Froth Drainage

677

(32)

28.1 Introduction

677

(1)

28.2 Liquid drainage in single Plateau borders

677

(9)

28.3 Froth drainage equation

686

(2)

28.4 Solutions of the drainage equations

688

(5)

28.5 Influence of the gas flow rate

693

(12)

28.6 The bubble coalescence

705

(1)

28.7 Summary

705

(1)

List of common symbols

706

(1)

References

707

(2)

Chapter 29 Macroscopic Processes in Froth

709

(36)

29.1 Introduction

709

(3)

29.2 Transport of water in the froth

712

(7)

29.3 Particle entrainment into flotation froth

719

(9)

29.4 Modeling of particle entrainment in the froth

728

(5)

29.5 Froth-based improved separations

733

(5)

29.6 Summary

738

(1)

List of common symbols

739

(1)

References

740

(5)

PART 7 FLOTATION KINETICS

Chapter 30 Kinetic Models for Flotation

745

(36)

30.1 Introduction

745

(1)

30.2 Chemical-kinetics-analogy models

746

(4)

30.3 Analytical modeling of flotation kinetics

750

(7)

30.4 Distribution of the rate constant

757

(3)

30.5 Influence of mixing

760

(4)

30.6 Influence of the froth phase

764

(8)

30.7 Flotation kinetics in a cell bank

772

(3)

30.8 Summary

775

(1)

List of common symbols

776

(1)

References

777

(4)

Chapter 31 Effects of Particle Size in Flotation

781

(32)

31.1 Introduction

781

(5)

31.2 Flotation behavior of fine particles

786

(9)

31.3 Flotation of coarse particles

795

(9)

31.4 Conditions for fine and coarse particle flotation

804

(2)

31.5 Summary

806

(1)

List of common symbols

807

(1)

References

808

(5)

PART 8 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

Chapter 32 Industrial Applications

813

(30)

32.1 Introduction

813

(1)

32.2 Flotation deinking

813

(13)

32.3 Wastewater treatment

826

(4)

32.4 Flotation of plastics

830

(2)

32.5 Improvements in minerals and coal flotation

832

(8)

32.6 Summary

840

(1)

References

841

(2)

Index

843

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Colloidal Science of Flotation

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Colloidal Science of Flotation

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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