The Color of Justice Race, Ethnicity, and Crime in America

, by Walker, Samuel; Spohn, Cassia; DeLone, Miriam

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ISBN: 9780534624460 | 0534624464
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 8/7/2006

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Preface. 1. Race, Ethnicity, and Crime: The Present Crisis. 2. Victims and Offenders: Myths and Realities About Crime. 3. Race, Ethnicity, Social Structure, and Crime. 4. Justice on the Street? The Police and Minorities. 5. The Courts: A Quest for Justice During the Pre-Trial Process. 6. Justice on the Bench? Trial and Adjudication in Adult and Juvenile Court. 7. Race and Sentencing: In Search of Fairness and Justice. 8. The Color of Death: Race and the Death Penalty. 9. Corrections: A Picture in Black and White. 10. Minority Youth and the Criminal Justice System. 11. The Color of Justice. Selected Bibliography. Index.

Foreword	p. xiii
Preface	p. xvi
Race, Ethnicity, and Crime: The Present Crisis	p. 1
The Scope of This Book	p. 3
Objectives of the Book	p. 4
Goals of the Chapter	p. 5
The Colors of America: Racial and Ethnic Categories	p. 5
Racial and Ethnic Categories	p. 6
The Politics of Racial and Ethnic Labels	p. 12
The Quality of Criminal Justice Data on Race and Ethnicity	p. 14
The Geography of Racial and Ethnic Justice	p. 16
Disparity versus Discrimination	p. 18
The Law of Discrimination	p. 20
The Discrimination-Disparity Continuum	p. 20
A Theoretical Perspective on Race, Ethnicity, and Crime	p. 22
Alternative Theories	p. 23
Conclusion	p. 24
Discussion Questions	p. 24
Notes	p. 25
Victims and Offenders: Myths and Realities About Crime	p. 29
Goals of the Chapter	p. 30
A Broader Picture of the Crime Victim	p. 31
The National Crime Victimization Survey	p. 31
Household Victimization	p. 33
Personal Victimization	p. 36
Trends in Household and Personal Victimization	p. 40
Lifetime Likelihood of Victimization	p. 41
Homicide Victimization	p. 43
Summary: A More Comprehensive Picture of the Crime Victim	p. 44
Picture of the Typical Offender	p. 45
Official Arrest Statistics	p. 46
Perceptions of Offenders by Victims	p. 52
Self-Report Surveys	p. 55
Summary: A Picture of the Typical Criminal Offender	p. 58
Crime as an Intraracial Event	p. 58
National Crime Victimization Survey	p. 59
Uniform Crime Report Homicide Reports	p. 59
Summary	p. 59
Crime as an Interracial (Hate) Event	p. 60
Ethnic Youth Gangs	p. 64
Gang Myths and Realities	p. 64
Varieties of Ethnic Gangs	p. 66
Conclusion	p. 69
Discussion Questions	p. 70
Notes	p. 71
Race, Ethnicity, Social Structure, and Crime	p. 77
The Images from Hurricane Katrina	p. 77
Two Societies?	p. 77
Goals of the Chapter	p. 78
Economic Inequality	p. 79
Income	p. 19
Wealth	p. 80
Unemployment	p. 81
Poverty Status	p. 82
Insurance Coverage	p. 83
Social Capital and Cultural Capital	p. 83
Progress, Stagnation, or Regression? The Debate over the Status of African Americans	p. 85
The Debate over the Underclass	p. 87
Community Social Structure	p. 88
Residential Segregation	p. 89
Theoretical Perspectives on Inequality and Crime	p. 92
Social Strain Theory	p. 92
Differential Association Theory	p. 93
Social Disorganization Theory	p. 94
Culture Conflict Theory	p. 94
Conflict Theory	p. 95
Routine Activity Theory	p. 96
The Limits of Current Theories	p. 97
Inequality and Social Reform	p. 97
The Impact of the Civil Rights Movement	p. 98
The Attack on Economic Inequality	p. 100
Conclusion	p. 102
Discussion Questions	p. 102
Notes	p. 102
Justice on the Street? The Police and Racial and Ethnic Minorities	p. 106
Unequal Justice?	p. 106
Complex and Ambiguous Evidence	p. 108
Goals of the Chapter	p. 108
A Contextual Approach	p. 108
A Long History of Conflict	p. 110
The Police and a Changing America	p. 111
Public Attitudes About the Police	p. 111
The Impact of Police Officer Conduct	p. 113
Policing Racial and Ethnic Minority Communities	p. 114
The African American Community	p. 114
The Hispanic Community	p. 114
The Native American Community	p. 115
The Middle Eastern Community	p. 116
Police Use of Deadly Force	p. 118
Disparity versus Discrimination in Police Shootings	p. 119
Controlling Police Shootings	p. 119
"Police Brutality": Police Use of Physical Force	p. 120
Discrimination in Arrests?	p. 123
Zero-Tolerance Policing	p. 125
Traffic Stops: Racial Profiling	p. 125
The Use of Race in Law Enforcement	p. 127
Profiling Contexts	p. 127
The Data on Traffic Stops	p. 128
Interpreting Traffic Stop Data	p. 129
Eliminating Bias in Traffic Enforcement	p. 130
The PERF Policy on Traffic Enforcement	p. 131
A Success Story: The Customs Bureau	p. 133
Street Stops and Frisks	p. 133
Special Issue: Stereotyping and Routine Police Work	p. 134
Verbal Abuse	p. 135
Police Officer Attitudes and Behavior	p. 136
Police Corruption and People of Color	p. 138
Police-Community Relations Programs	p. 138
Special Units	p. 138
Community Policing	p. 139
Responding to Specific Community Concerns	p. 140
Reduce Officer Misconduct	p. 141
Ensuring Cultural Competence	p. 142
Citizen Complaints Against the Police	p. 142
Citizen Oversight of the Police	p. 144
Police Employment Practices	p. 145
Trends in African American and Hispanic Employment	p. 145
The Law of Employment Discrimination	p. 147
Discrimination in Assignment	p. 149
The Impact of Diversity	p. 149
People of Color as Supervisors and Chief Executives	p. 152
Conclusion	p. 153
Discussion Questions	p. 154
Notes	p. 154
The Courts: A Quest for Justice During the Pretrial Process	p. 163
The Situation Today	p. 165
Goals of the Chapter	p. 167
Decisions Regarding Counsel and Bail	p. 167
Racial Minorities and the Right to Counsel	p. 168
Racial Minorities and Bail Decisionmaking	p. 174
Charging and Plea Bargaining Decisions	p. 184
Prosecutors' Charging Decisions	p. 184
Race and Plea Bargaining Decisions	p. 192
Conclusion	p. 193
Discussion Questions	p. 194
Notes	p. 195
Justice on the Bench? Trial and Adjudication in Criminal Court	p. 201
Goals of the Chapter	p. 203
Selection of the Jury Pool	p. 203
Techniques for Increasing Racial Diversity	p. 207
The Peremptory Challenge: Racial Profiling in the Courtroom?	p. 208
The Supreme Court and the Peremptory Challenge: From Swain to Batson	p. 210
Playing the "Race Card" in a Criminal Trial	p. 219
Race-Conscious Jury Nullification: Black Power in the Courtroom?	p. 220
Conclusion	p. 225
Discussion Questions	p. 226
Notes	p. 227
Race and Sentencing: In Search of Fairness and Justice	p. 231
Goals of the Chapter	p. 233
Racial Disparity in Sentencing	p. 233
Four Explanations for Racial Disparities in Sentencing	p. 234
Empirical Research on Race and Sentencing	p. 235
Reviews of Recent Research	p. 236
When Does Race/Ethnicity Matter?	p. 240
Race/Ethnicity and Sentencing: Direct and Indirect Effects	p. 241
Race/Ethnicity, Gender, Age, and Employment: A Volatile Combination?	p. 244
Differential Treatment of Interracial and Intraracial Sexual Assault	p. 248
The Effect of Race on Sentencing for Various Types of Crimes	p. 253
Sentencing and the War on Drugs	p. 257
Sentencing Reform: The Quest for a "Just" Punishment System	p. 271
Challenges to the Indeterminate Sentence	p. 271
Race/Ethnicity and the Federal Sentencing Guidelines	p. 273
Race/Ethnicity and State Sentencing Reforms	p. 276
Have Sentencing Guidelines Increased the Likelihood of Racial Discrimination?	p. 278
Conclusion	p. 279
Discussion Questions	p. 280
Notes	p. 281
The Color of Death: Race and the Death Penalty	p. 290
Goals of the Chapter	p. 291
The Constitutionality of the Death Penalty	p. 292
Furman v. Georgia	p. 292
Post-Furman Decisions	p. 293
Attitudes Toward Capital Punishment	p. 295
Race and the Death Penalty: The Empirical Evidence	p. 298
Statistical Evidence of Racial Disparity	p. 298
Pre-Furman Studies	p. 303
Post-Gregg Studies	p. 307
Race and the Federal Capital Sentencing Process	p. 314
Explanations for Disparate Treatment	p. 317
McCleskey v. Kemp: The Supreme Court and Racial
Discrimination in the Application of the Death Penalty	p. 319
The Aftermath of McCleskey: Calls for Reform or Abolition of the Death Penalty	p. 323
The Death Penalty in the 21st Century	p. 325
The Movement to Reform the Death Penalty	p. 328
The Movement to Abolish the Death Penalty	p. 329
Conclusion	p. 332
Discussion Questions	p. 332
Notes	p. 333
Corrections in America: A Colorful Portrait: Corrections vs. College: Minorities in Society	p. 341
Goals of the Chapter	p. 342
The Incarcerated: Prison and Jail Populations	p. 342
Minority Overrepresentation	p. 342
Race, Ethnicity, and Recidivism	p. 347
Historical Trends	p. 348
Impact of the War on Drugs	p. 348
Incarceration Rates	p. 349
Jails and Minorities	p. 351
The Role of Jail	p. 351
Minority Overrepresentation	p. 352
Community Corrections	p. 352
Parole: Early Release from Prison	p. 353
Success and Failure on Parole	p. 354
Probation: A Case of Sentencing Discrimination?	p. 355
Community Corrections: A Native American Example	p. 356
Theoretical Perspectives on the Racial Distribution of Correctional Populations	p. 358
Adjustment to Prison	p. 361
Prison Gangs	p. 365
Women in Prison	p. 368
Conclusion	p. 368
Discussion Questions	p. 369
Notes	p. 369
Minority Youth and Crime: Minority Youth in Court	p. 375
Goals of the Chapter	p. 376
Young Racial Minorities as Victims and Offenders	p. 376
Juveniles as Victims of Crime	p. 376
Juveniles as Offenders	p. 381
Juveniles of Color and the Police	p. 386
Race/Ethnicity and the Juvenile Justice System	p. 390
Race/Ethnicity and Juvenile Court Outcomes in Five Jurisdictions	p. 396
Transfer of Juveniles to Criminal Court	p. 405
Explaining Disparate Treatment of Juvenile Offenders	p. 407
Juveniles Under Correctional Supervision	p. 409
Conclusion	p. 411
Discussion Questions	p. 412
Notes	p. 413
The Color of Justice	p. 418
Race, Crime, and Justice	p. 419
Notes	p. 423
Selected Bibliography	p. 424
Index	p. 445
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