Combustion Physics

, by Chung K. Law

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ISBN: 9780521870528 | 0521870526
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/11/2006

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Summary

Author Biography

Supplemental Materials

This is a graduate-level combustion text on the fundamentals of chemically reacting flows.

Preface

xvii

Introduction

(1)

Major Areas of Combustion Application

(5)

Scientific Disciplines Comprising Combustion

(1)

Classifications of Fundamental Combustion Phenomena

(3)

Organization of the Text

(2)

Literature Sources

(2)

Chemical Thermodynamics

(37)

Practical Reactants and Stoichiometry

(2)

Practical Reactants

(1)

Stoichiometry

(1)

Chemical Equilibrium

(10)

First and Second Laws

(1)

Thermodynamic Functions

(2)

Criterion for Chemical Equilibrium

(1)

Phase Equilibrium

(3)

Equilibrium Constants

(1)

Equilibrium Constants in the Presence of Condensed Phases

(2)

Multiple Reactions

(1)

Element Conservation

(1)

Restricted Equilibrium

(1)

Equilibrium Composition Calculations

(5)

Equilibrium Composition of Hydrocarbon--Air Mixtures

(2)

The Major-Minor Species Model

(2)

Computer Solutions

(1)

Energy Conservation

(20)

Heats of Formation, Reaction, and Combustion

(3)

Estimation of Heat of Reaction from Bond Energies

(1)

Determination of Heat of Reaction from Kp (T)

(1)

Sensible Energies and Heat Capacities

(2)

Energy Conservation in Adiabatic Chemical Systems

(1)

Adiabatic Flame Temperature and Equilibrium Composition

(12)

Problems

(2)

Chemical Kinetics

(33)

Phenomenological Law of Reaction Rates

(6)

The Law of Mass Action

(1)

Reversible Reactions

(1)

Multistep Reactions

(1)

Steady-State Approximation

(1)

Partial Equilibrium Approximation

(1)

Approximations by Global and Semiglobal Reactions

(1)

Reaction Order and Molecularity

(1)

Theories of Reaction Rates: Basic Concepts

(9)

The Arrhenius Law

(1)

The Activation Energy

(3)

Collision Theory of Reaction Rates

(2)

Transition State Theory of Reaction Rates

(3)

Theories of Reaction Rates: Unimolecular Reactions

(7)

Lindemann Theory

(2)

Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel (RRK) Theory

(1)

Representation of Unimolecular Reaction Rate Constants

(1)

Chemically Activated Reactions

(2)

Chain Reaction Mechanisms

(6)

Straight-Chain Reactions: The Hydrogen-Halogen System

(2)

Branched-Chain Reactions

(3)

Flame Inhibitors

(1)

Experimental and Computational Techniques

(4)

Problems

(3)

Oxidation Mechanisms of Fuels

(57)

Practical Fuels

(4)

Oxidation of Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide

(6)

Explosion Limits of Hydrogen-Oxygen Mixtures

(5)

Carbon Monoxide Oxidation

(1)

Initiation Reactions in Flames

(1)

Oxidation of Methane

(5)

General Considerations of Hydrocarbon Oxidation

(1)

Methane Autoignition

(3)

Methane Flames

(1)

Oxidation of C2 Hydrocarbons

100

(2)

Oxidation of Alcohols

102

(1)

High-Temperature Oxidation of Higher Aliphatic Fuels

103

(6)

The β-Scission Rule

104

(2)

Oxidation Mechanisms

106

(3)

Oxidation of Aromatics

109

(3)

Hydrocarbon Oxidation at Low to Intermediate Temperatures

112

(3)

Chemistry of Pollutant Formation

115

(7)

Oxides of Nitrogen

116

(3)

Soot Formation

119

(3)

Mechanism Development and Reduction

122

(2)

Postulated Semiglobal Mechanisms

122

(2)

Need for Comprehensiveness and Reduction

124

(1)

Systematic Reduction: The Hydrogen-Oxygen System

124

(8)

Reduction to Skeletal Mechanisms

125

(3)

Linearly Independent Representation

128

(1)

Reduction through QSS Assumption

129

(3)

Theories of Mechanism Reduction

132

(9)

Sensitivity Analysis

132

(1)

Theory of Directed Relation Graph

133

(2)

Theory of Computational Singular Perturbation

135

(2)

Mechanism Validation

137

(2)

Problems

139

(2)

Transport Phenomena

141

(16)

Phenomenological Derivation of Diffusion Coefficients

143

(3)

Derivation

143

(2)

Discussion on Diffusion Coefficients

145

(1)

Characteristic Diffusion Rates and Nondimensional Numbers

145

(1)

Second-Order Diffusion

146

(1)

Some Useful Results from Kinetic Theory of Gases

146

(11)

General Concepts

146

(2)

Collision Potentials and Integrals

148

(3)

Transport Coefficients

151

(4)

Problems

155

(2)

Conservation Equations

157

(37)

Control Volume Derivation

157

(6)

Conservation of Total Mass

158

(1)

Conservation of Individual Species

158

(2)

Conservation of Momentum

160

(1)

Conservation of Energy

160

(2)

Conservation Relations across an Interface

162

(1)

Governing Equations

163

(7)

Conservation Equations

163

(1)

Constitutive Relations

163

(3)

Auxiliary Relations

166

(1)

Some Useful Approximations

167

(3)

A Simplified Diffusion-Controlled System

170

(2)

Assumptions

170

(1)

Derivation

170

(2)

Conserved Scalar Formulations

172

(10)

Coupling Function Formulation

173

(3)

Local Coupling Function Formulation

176

(1)

Near-Equidiffusion Formulation

177

(1)

Element Conservation Formulation

178

(1)

Mixture Fraction Formulation

179

(3)

Progress Variable Formulation

182

(1)

Reaction-Sheet Formulation

182

(5)

Jump Relations for Coupling Functions

182

(3)

Adiabatic Flame Temperature

185

(2)

Further Development of the Simplified Diffusion-Controlled System

187

(7)

Conservation Equations

187

(1)

Nondimensional Numbers

188

(2)

Nomenclature

190

(2)

Problems

192

(2)

Laminar Nonpremixed Flames

194

(40)

The One-Dimensional Chambered Flame

196

(6)

Coupling Function Formulation

196

(3)

Reaction-Sheet Formulation

199

(1)

Mixture Fraction Formulation

200

(1)

Element Conservation Formulation

201

(1)

The Burke-Schumann Flame

202

(6)

Condensed Fuel Vaporization and the Stefan Flow

208

(5)

Droplet Vaporization and Combustion

213

(11)

Phenomenology

213

(1)

d2-Law of Droplet Vaporization

214

(3)

d2-Law of Droplet Combustion

217

(5)

Experimental Results on Single-Component Droplet Combustion

222

(2)

The Counterflow Flame

224

(10)

Problems

230

(4)

Laminar Premixed Flames

234

(69)

Combustion Waves in Premixtures

235

(6)

Rankine-Hugoniot Relations

235

(3)

Detonation and Deflagration Waves

238

(1)

Chapman-Jouguet Waves

239

(1)

Preliminary Discussion of Detonation Waves

240

(1)

Phenomenological Description of the Standard Flame

241

(5)

Flame Structure

241

(3)

Laminar Burning Flux and Flame Thickness

244

(2)

Mathematical Formulation

246

(4)

Governing Equations

246

(3)

The Cold Boundary Difficulty

249

(1)

Approximate Analyses

250

(5)

Integral Analysis

250

(3)

Frank-Kamenetskii Solution

253

(2)

Asymptotic Analysis

255

(8)

Distinguished Limit

255

(1)

Asymptotic Solution

256

(7)

Dependence of Burning Flux on Flame Temperature

263

(1)

Determination of Laminar Flame Speeds

263

(12)

Bunsen Flame Method

265

(1)

Flat and One-Dimensional Flame Methods

266

(2)

Outwardly Propagating Spherical Flame Method

268

(3)

Stagnation Flame Method

271

(2)

Numerical Computation

273

(1)

Profile-Based Determination

274

(1)

Dependence of Laminar Burning Velocities

275

(9)

Dependence on Tad and Le

275

(2)

Dependence on Molecular Structure

277

(1)

Dependence on Pressure

278

(4)

Dependence on Freestream Temperature

282

(1)

Dependence on Transport Properties

283

(1)

Chemical Structure of Flames

284

(19)

Experimental Methods

285

(1)

Detailed Structure

286

(8)

Asymptotic Structure with Reduced Mechanisms

294

(7)

Problems

301

(2)

Limit Phenomena

303

(63)

Phenomenological Considerations of Ignition and Extinction

305

(12)

Quenching Distances and Minimum Ignition Energies

305

(2)

Adiabatic Thermal Explosion

307

(2)

Nonadiabatic Explosion and the Semenov Criterion

309

(2)

The Well-Stirred Reactor Analogy

311

(2)

The S-Curve Concept

313

(4)

Ignition by a Hot Surface

317

(10)

Asymptotic Analysis of the Reaction Zone

318

(4)

Ignition of a Confined Mixture by a Flat Plate

322

(2)

Ignition of an Unconfined Mixture by a Flat Plate

324

(2)

Nusselt Number Correlation

326

(1)

Convection-Free Formulation

326

(1)

Ignition of Hydrogen by Heated Air

327

(12)

Global Response to Strain Rate Variations

328

(2)

Second Ignition Limit

330

(3)

First and Third Ignition Limits

333

(2)

Decoupled Environment and Kinetic versus Thermal Feedback

335

(3)

Multiple Criticality and Staged Ignition

338

(1)

Premixed Flame Extinction through Volumetric Heat Loss

339

(7)

Phenomenological Derivation

341

(3)

Frank-Kamenetskii Solution

344

(2)

Flammability Limits

346

(7)

Empirical Limits

346

(2)

Fundamental Limits

348

(5)

Flame Stabilization and Blowoff

353

(13)

The Flat-Burner Flame

353

(5)

Stabilization of Premixed Flame at Burner Rim

358

(3)

Stabilization of Nonpremixed Flame at Burner Rim

361

(1)

Stabilization of Lifted Flames

362

(2)

Problems

364

(2)

Asymptotic Structure of Flames

366

(30)

Structure of Premixed Flames

367

(9)

Structure Equation

368

(2)

Delta Function Closure and Jump Relations

370

(3)

Reduction to Canonical Form

373

(3)

Structure of Nonpremixed Flames: Classification

376

(9)

Classification of Flow Types

377

(1)

Classification of Flame Regimes

377

(4)

Parametric Boundaries of Flame Regimes

381

(4)

Structure of Nonpremixed Flames: Analysis

385

(7)

Nearly Frozen Regime

385

(1)

Partial Burning Regime

386

(1)

Premixed Flame Regime

387

(1)

Near-Equilibrium Regime

388

(4)

Mixture Fraction Formulation for Near-Equilibrium Regime

392

(4)

Problems

394

(2)

Aerodynamics of Laminar Flames

396

(78)

General Concepts

396

(3)

Hydrodynamic Stretch

399

(11)

The G-Equation

399

(1)

Corner Formation in Landau Propagation

400

(3)

Burning Rate Increase through Flame Wrinkling

403

(2)

The Stretch Rate

405

(5)

Flame Stretch: Phenomenology

410

(6)

Effects of Flow Straining: The Stagnation Flame

410

(3)

Effects of Flame Curvature: The Bunsen Flame

413

(1)

Effects of Flame Motion: The Unsteady Spherical Flame

414

(1)

Effects of Heat Loss

415

(1)

Flame Stretch: Analyses

416

(12)

Effects of Flame Stretch

416

(6)

Effects of Pure Curvature

422

(2)

Combined Solution

424

(1)

Asymptotic Analysis of the Counterflow Flame

424

(4)

Experimental and Computational Results

428

(11)

Equidiffusive Flames

428

(1)

Nonequidiffusive Flames

429

(10)

Further Implications of Stretched Flame Phenomena

439

(9)

Determination of Laminar Flame Parameters

439

(3)

Dual Extinction States and Extended Flammability Limits

442

(4)

Other Phenomena

446

(2)

Simultaneous Consideration of Hydrodynamic and Flame Stretch

448

(4)

Curvature-Induced Corner Broadening

448

(2)

Inversion and Tip Opening of Bunsen Flames

450

(2)

Unsteady Dynamics

452

(4)

Flamefront Instabilities

456

(18)

Mechanisms of Cellular Instabilities

456

(5)

Analysis of Cellular Instabilities

461

(5)

Mechanisms of Pulsating Instabilities

466

(3)

Effects of Heat Loss and Aerodynamic Straining

469

(2)

Problems

471

(3)

Combustion in Turbulent Flows

474

(42)

General Concepts

474

(9)

Origin and Structure

474

(3)

Probabilistic Description

477

(3)

Turbulence Scales

480

(3)

Simulation and Modeling

483

(13)

Direct Numerical Simulation

485

(1)

Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Models

486

(5)

Large Eddy Simulation

491

(2)

Probability Density Functions

493

(1)

Closure of the Reaction Rate Term

494

(2)

Premixed Turbulent Combustion

496

(13)

Regimes of Combustion Modes

496

(4)

Turbulent Burning Velocities

500

(6)

Flamelet Modeling

506

(3)

Nonpremixed Turbulent Combustion

509

(7)

Regimes of Combustion Modes

509

(2)

Mixture Fraction Modeling

511

(3)

Problems

514

(2)

Combustion in Boundary-Layer Flows

516

(43)

Considerations of Steady Two-Dimensional Boundary-Layer Flows

518

(8)

Governing Equations

518

(3)

Transformation to Boundary-Layer Variables

521

(2)

Discussion on Similarity

523

(3)

Nonpremixed Burning of an Ablating Surface

526

(3)

Ignition of a Premixed Combustible

529

(8)

Ignition at the Stagnation Point

529

(1)

Ignition along a Flat Plate

530

(3)

Ignition in the Mixing Layer

533

(3)

Flame Stabilization and Blowoff in High-Speed Flows

536

(1)

Jet Flows

537

(11)

Similarity Solution

538

(2)

Height of Nonpremixed Jet Flames

540

(2)

Stabilization and Blowout of Lifted Flames

542

(6)

Supersonic Boundary-Layer Flows

548

(3)

Nonpremixed Burning of an Ablating Surface

549

(1)

Ignition along a Flat Plate

550

(1)

Natural Convection Boundary-Layer Flows

551

(8)

Problems

556

(3)

Combustion in Two-Phase Flows

559

(75)

General Considerations of Droplet Combustion

560

(5)

Phenomenology

560

(3)

Experimental Considerations

563

(2)

Single-Component Droplet Combustion

565

(20)

Droplet Heating

565

(4)

Fuel Vapor Accumulation

569

(3)

Variable Property Effects

572

(1)

Gas-Phase Transient Diffusion and High-Pressure Combustion

573

(2)

Convection Effects and Droplet Dynamics

575

(3)

Droplet Interaction

578

(3)

Dynamics of Droplet Collision

581

(3)

Ignition and Extinction Criteria

584

(1)

Multicomponent Droplet Combustion

585

(17)

Miscible Mixtures

586

(9)

Microexplosion Phenomenon

595

(2)

Emulsions and Slurries

597

(2)

Alcohols and Reactive Liquid Propellants

599

(3)

Carbon Particle Combustion

602

(9)

Phenomenology

602

(1)

Global Kinetics of Carbon Oxidation

603

(1)

Analysis

604

(3)

Limiting Solutions

607

(4)

Metal Particle Combustion

611

(2)

Phenomenology of Spray Combustion

613

(4)

One-Dimensional, Planar, Spray Flames

613

(1)

Spray Jet Flames

614

(1)

Cloud and Dense Spray Combustion

615

(2)

Formulation of Spray Combustion

617

(4)

Spray Statistics

617

(3)

Conservation Equations

620

(1)

Adiabatic Spray Vaporization

621

(4)

Heterogeneous Laminar Flames

625

(9)

Gas-Phase Flames

626

(3)

Condensed-Phase Flames

629

(2)

Problems

631

(3)

Combustion in Supersonic Flows

634

(59)

Frozen and Equilibrium Flows

635

(5)

Governing Equations for Nondiffusive Flows

635

(1)

Entropy Production

636

(1)

Speed of Sound

636

(2)

Acoustic Equations

638

(2)

Dynamics of Weakly Perturbed Flows

640

(5)

One-Dimensional Propagation of Acoustic Waves

640

(3)

Uniform Flow over Slender Bodies

643

(2)

Steady, Quasi-One-Dimensional Flows

645

(2)

Nonlinear Flows

645

(1)

Linearized Nozzle Flows

646

(1)

Method of Characteristics

647

(7)

General Procedure for Two Independent Variables

648

(2)

Unsteady, One-Dimensional, Frozen, Isentropic Flows

650

(1)

Steady Two-Dimensional Flows

651

(3)

Steady One-Dimensional Detonations

654

(10)

Chapman-Jouguet Detonations

654

(1)

Overdriven Detonations

655

(1)

Taylor Expansion Waves

656

(3)

ZND Structure of Detonation Waves

659

(3)

Eigenvalue Structure of Quasi-One-Dimensional Detonations

662

(2)

Unsteady Three-Dimensional Detonations

664

(10)

Pulsating Instability of the ZND Structure

665

(2)

Triple-Shock Structure

667

(4)

Triple-Shock Interactions

671

(2)

The Complex Structure

673

(1)

Propagation of Strong Blast Waves

674

(4)

Direct Detonation Initiation

678

(7)

The Zel'dovich Criterion

678

(1)

Curvature-Induced Quenching Limit

679

(5)

Curvature-Affected Initiation Limit

684

(1)

Indirect Detonation Initiation

685

(8)

Synchronized Initiation

685

(1)

Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition

686

(1)

Problems

687

(6)

References

693

(18)

Author Index

711

(5)

Subject Index

716

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Combustion Physics

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

FREE SHIPPING

Rent More, Save More! Use code: BBRENTAL

5% off 1 book, 7% off 2 books, 10% off 3+ books

Combustion Physics

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Digital License