Communication Networks

This unique guide to communication networks fundamentals takes a new approach. Rather than following the standard (and increasingly outmoded) OSI network model, it is organized around networking concepts. Rather than plunge readers into the alphabet soup of communications protocols and technologies, Kasera starts with a concept like "routing," and explains each technology in terms of how it helps to perform that function. The book is designed for communications engineers and technicians, as well as students.

Sumit Kasera is a Senior Technical Leader at Flextronics Software Systems (formerly Hughes Software Systems) in India. He is an active participant in the ITU-T, ATM, and 3GPP technical forums, where he regularly teaches seminars.

Nashit Narang is a Senior Technical Leader at Flextronics Software Systems in India. He is an expert in the development of high-availability, high-performance 3G HLR, and is an active participant in IEEE and ACM technical forums.

Sumita Narang is a Senior Software Engineer at Flextronics Software Systems. She holds degrees from the Delhi Institute of Technology and the Birla Institute of Technology and Science.

Preface

vii

Abbreviations

xvii

Part 1 Building Blocks of Communication Networks

Network Services

5

(7)

Introduction

5

(1)

Connection-oriented Service

5

(1)

Connectionless Service

6

(2)

Connection-oriented versus Connectionless Service

8

(2)

Examples

10

(1)

Conclusion

11

(1)

Review Questions

11

(1)

Further Reading

11

(1)

Protocol Layering

12

(25)

Introduction

12

(1)

Layered Architecture

13

(1)

Services, Interface, Primitives and Service Access Points

14

(4)

Open Systems Interconnection-Reference Model (OSI-RM)

18

(2)

Definition of Open System

20

(1)

Seven-layered OSI-RM

20

(6)

Shortcomings of the OSI-RM Reference Model

26

(1)

Example: TCP/IP Protocol Suite

27

(8)

Conclusion

35

(2)

Review Questions

35

(1)

Further Reading

36

(1)

Transfer Modes

37

(21)

Introduction

37

(1)

Circuit Switching

38

(2)

Routing

40

(2)

Virtual Circuit Switching

42

(3)

Comparison of Transfer Modes

45

(3)

Example: Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

48

(8)

Conclusion

56

(2)

Review Questions

57

(1)

Further Reading

57

(1)

Network Topology and Extent

58

(13)

Introduction

58

(1)

Network Topology

58

(2)

Network Extent

60

(1)

Local Area Networks (LAN)

61

(2)

Wide Area Network (WAN)

63

(1)

Other Area Networks

64

(1)

Examples

65

(1)

Conclusion

66

(5)

Review Questions

66

(1)

Further Reading

66

(5)

Part 2 Core Concepts of Communication Networks

Transmission and Multiple Access

71

(24)

Introduction

71

(1)

Transmission Concepts

71

(9)

Multiple Access Concepts

80

(4)

Example: FDMA/TDMA in GSM Networks

84

(2)

Example: CDMA in UMTS Networks

86

(7)

Conclusion

93

(2)

Review Questions

93

(1)

Further Reading

94

(1)

Data Link Control

95

(42)

Introduction

95

(1)

Data Link Line Configurations

95

(2)

Data Link Layer Functions

97

(7)

Services Offered to Network Layer

104

(2)

DLC Protocol Layering

106

(1)

Logical Link Control (LLC)

107

(4)

Media Access Control (MAC)

111

(8)

Flow Control Protocols

119

(4)

Error Detection and Correction Mechanisms

123

(7)

Example: HDLC

130

(4)

Conclusion

134

(3)

Review Questions

134

(1)

Further Reading

135

(2)

Bridging

137

(11)

Introduction

136

(1)

Transparent Bridging

137

(5)

Source Route Bridging

142

(2)

Example: Bridging in Ethernet LANs

144

(2)

Conclusion

146

(2)

Review Questions

146

(1)

Further Reading

147

(1)

Switching

148

(44)

Introduction

148

(1)

Components of a Typical Switch

149

(1)

Performance Measures in Switch Design

150

(2)

Switching Issues

152

(13)

Switching Architectures

165

(1)

Shared-memory Architecture

165

(3)

Shared-medium Architecture

168

(1)

Space-division Architecture

169

(10)

Example: Switching in ATM

179

(5)

Example of ATM Switch Architecture: Knockout Switch

184

(7)

Conclusion

191

(1)

Review Questions

191

(1)

Further Reading

191

(1)

Addressing

192

(10)

Introduction

192

(1)

Classification of Addressing Techniques

193

(4)

Example: Addressing Structure in Internet

197

(2)

Example: Addressing Structure in Telecom Networks

199

(1)

Conclusion

200

(2)

Review Questions

201

(1)

Further Reading

201

(1)

Signalling

202

(25)

Introduction

202

(1)

Signalling Complexity in Different Networks

203

(1)

Classification of Signalling Techniques

204

(3)

Signalling Issues

207

(8)

Signalling Models

215

(1)

Point-to-multi-point Signalling

216

(4)

Example: ISDN Signalling

220

(6)

Conclusion

226

(1)

Review Questions

226

(1)

Further Reading

226

(1)

Routing

227

(32)

Introduction

227

(2)

Design Requirements for a Routing Protocol

229

(2)

Classification of Routing Protocols/Techniques

231

(4)

Core Routing Concepts

235

(7)

Example: Routing Protocols in Internet

242

(12)

Conclusion

254

(5)

Review Questions

254

(1)

Further Reading

254

(5)

Part 3 Advanced Concepts of Communication Networks

Traffic Management

259

(44)

Introduction

259

(1)

Concept of Traffic

260

(2)

Concept of Service

262

(2)

Network Capabilities

264

(2)

Types of Traffic

266

(3)

Traffic Management

269

(1)

Traffic Contract Management

270

(2)

Traffic Shaping

272

(2)

Traffic Policing

274

(2)

Priority Control

276

(1)

Flow Control

277

(1)

Congestion

278

(4)

Congestion Control

282

(4)

Flow Control versus Congestion Control

286

(1)

Example: Traffic Management in ATM

287

(14)

Conclusion

301

(2)

Review Questions

301

(1)

Further Reading

302

(1)

Network Management

303

(32)

Introduction

303

(1)

Goals of Network Management

304

(1)

Functional Areas of Network Management

304

(6)

Example: Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

310

(12)

Example: Telecommunications Management Network (TMN)

322

(12)

Conclusion

334

(1)

Review Questions

334

(1)

Further Reading

334

(1)

Security Management

335

(41)

Introduction

335

(1)

What is Security Management?

336

(1)

Symmetric (Secret Key) Encryption Techniques

337

(5)

Asymmetric (Public Key) Encryption Techniques

342

(9)

Key Management

351

(8)

Hash Functions

359

(3)

Digital Signatures and Certificates

362

(1)

Firewalls

363

(1)

Example: Security Management in Third Generation UMTS Network

364

(10)

Conclusion

374

(2)

Review Questions

374

(1)

Further Reading

375

(1)

References

376

(6)

Index

382

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Communication Networks

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials