Community-Based Corrections

, by McCarthy, Belinda Rodgers; McCarthy, Bernard J.

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ISBN: 9780534231248 | 0534231241
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 10/1/1996

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Intended for the upper level undergraduate or graduate level course in Corrections, Community-Based Corrections, or Probation and Parole found in the criminal justice department or sociology department.

This text focuses on all forms of community-based correctional facilities (as opposed to federal prisons from traditional incarceration programs to the most current programs such as electronic monitoring, house arrest, day-treatment, bootcamp and fines. Coverage also includes the recent shift in legislative strategy from how to help the offender to how to protect the community.

Preface

Introduction to Community-Based Corrections

(36)

Objectives of Community-Based Corrections

(6)

Community Protection

(1)

A Continuum of Sanctions: Fitting the Punishment to the Crime

(3)

Rehabilitation and Reintegration

(1)

Cost Effectiveness

(1)

Objectives in Conflict

(1)

Development of Community-Based Corrections

(7)

The Emergence of Community-Based Corrections

(2)

The Reexamination of Community-Based Corrections

(3)

Contemporary Community-Based Corrections

(1)

Chaos in the Courts

(4)

First Federal 3-Strikes Conviction Ends a Criminal's 25-Year Career

(14)

The Future of Community-Based Corrections

(12)

Perspectives on the Study of Community-Based Corrections

(2)

Systems Analysis

(1)

The Correctional Continuum

(1)

Summary

(3)

Diversion Programs

(31)

Diversion in the Criminal Justice System

(1)

Traditional Diversion

(1)

Avoidance of Unnecessary Arrest and Prosecution

(1)

Development of Formal Diversion Programs

(1)

The Philosophy of Diversion

(1)

Objectives of Diversion Programs

(1)

Offender Change Objectives

(1)

Criminal Justice System Objectives: Serving the Victim and the Community

(1)

Contemporary Diversion Programming

(2)

The Diversion Controversy

(1)

Diversion Program Models

(2)

Alcohol Detoxification Centers

(1)

Domestic Violence

(1)

For Homeless, a Stirring of Hope

(6)

Programs for Drug-Abusing Offenders

(5)

Comprehensive Diversion Programs

Sometimes, Speed Works in Oakland, Drug Rehab Starts Fast---and Shows Promise

(6)

Community Dispute-Resolution Programs

(1)

Diversion Services

(3)

Problems and Issues in Diversion

(1)

Alternatives to Diversion

(1)

Decriminalization

(1)

Other Alternatives to Diversion

(1)

New Directions in Diversion Programs

(1)

Little Known Shoplifting Law Flawed, Critics Say

(1)

Summary

(4)

Pretrial Release Programs

(28)

Objectives of Pretrial Release Programs

(1)

Increased Release Rates

(1)

Speedy Operations

(1)

Equal Justice

(1)

Low Failure-to-Appear (FTA) Rates

(1)

Protection of the Community

(1)

Minimum Economic Costs with Maximum Benefit

(1)

Historical Development of Pretrial Release Programs

(1)

English Origins

(1)

Amendment VIII

(3)

The Beginning of Contemporary Pretrial Release Programs

(1)

Bail Reform in the Federal Judicial System

(1)

Emergence of Supervised Pretrial Release Pretrial Service Agencies

(1)

The Federal Bail Reform Act of 1984 and Its Impact

(1)

Continuing Problems of Jail and Bail

(13)

Local Jails

(1)

Jail Overcrowding

(1)

Use and Administration of Bail

(1)

Bail Reform---Bail Guidelines, Deposit Bail Systems, and Federal Efforts

(2)

Nonfinancial Pretrial Release Program Models

(1)

Prebooking Releases

(1)

Postbooking Releases

(5)

The Milwaukee Court Intervention Unit

(1)

Orange Country's Day Reporting Program

(1)

Effectiveness of Pretrial Release Programs

(3)

The Enhanced Pretrial Services Project

(1)

Electronic Monitoring

(1)

Research on Urine Monitoring

(1)

Differentiated Case Management: Drug Courts as an Alternative to Pretrial Release

(1)

Problems and Issues in Pretrial Release

(1)

Preventive Detention and Pretrial Crime

(1)

Restrictions on and Conditions of Pretrial Release Conduct

(1)

Assessing the Economic Costs

(1)

Costs and Benefits

(1)

Cost Effectiveness

(1)

Future Directions in Pretrial Release

(1)

Summary

(3)

Probation

(42)

Defining Probation

(1)

Objectives of Probation

(1)

Court Use of Probation

(1)

Historical Perspective

(2)

The English Tradition

(1)

Early U.S. Practices

100

(1)

John Augustus and the Beginnings of Probation

101

(1)

Probation Today

101

(2)

Trends and Issues in Probation

103

(1)

Administrative Issues

103

(1)

Granting Probation

103

(4)

Interstate Compact for the Supervision of Parolees and Probationers

107

(1)

Types of Offenders Served by Probation Services

108

(1)

Granting Probation

108

(3)

Sentencing Guidelines

108

(3)

Guidelines Grid

111

(5)

Standardized Sentencing Instruments

112

(2)

Presentence Investigation Report (PSI)

114

(2)

``Love Made Me Go There, Whiskey Made Me to Shoot Her''---The Alabama Seventeenth Judicial Circuit Sentencing Project

116

(1)

Probation Supervision

117

(1)

Supervisory Styles

117

(1)

ROBO-PO: The Life and Times of a Federal Probation Officer

118

(6)

Service Delivery Strategies

120

(1)

Caseload Management

120

(1)

Conditions of Probation

121

(3)

A Man Must Get Written Consent for Sex

124

(1)

Revocation

124

(1)

Research on Probation

125

(4)

Outcome Measures

125

(1)

Studies on Recidivism

126

(2)

Evaluations of Specific Treatment Strategies

128

(1)

The Rand Study

128

(1)

Innovations in Probation

129

(1)

Probation Classification Systems

129

(1)

Domestic Violence

130

(1)

The Future of Probation

130

(3)

Intensive Supervision Programs (ISPs)

130

(3)

Summary

133

(1)

Program Profile: The Trend Toward Multidisciplinary Treatment of Domestic Violence: Avoiding Recidivism in Virginia

134

(4)

Economic Sanctions: Fines, Fees, Restitution, and Community Service

138

(35)

Fines

139

(2)

Impediments to the Use of Fines

139

(2)

Day Fines

141

(6)

How Day Fines Are Calculated

142

(1)

The Staten Island Experiment

143

(3)

The Milwaukee Municipal Court Experiment

146

(1)

Structured Fines Research

147

(1)

Fees and Surcharges

147

(3)

Revenue Generation

148

(1)

Fee Schedules

148

(2)

Debt Collection: The Enforcement of Fines and Other Charges

150

(2)

Problems of Enforcement

150

(1)

New Jersey's Model Court Collection Process

150

(2)

The Privatization of Collection Activities

152

(1)

Restitution and Community Service

152

(1)

Restitution Is an Ancient Principle

153

(5)

Contemporary Applications

153

(1)

Extent of Use

154

(1)

Historical Perspective

154

(1)

Contemporary Support for Restitution and Community Service

155

(1)

A Closer Look at Correctional Objectives

156

(2)

``Doing Justice'': Judicial Attitudes Toward Community Service Sentences

158

(6)

The Restitution/Community Service Process

160

(3)

Program Models: Community Supervision and Residential Alternatives

163

(1)

Georgia Department of Corrections Community Service Guidelines for Agencies Supervising Offenders

164

(6)

Alternatives to Restitution: Victim Compensation Programs

167

(1)

Restitution and Victim Compensation: Costs and Benefits

168

(2)

Summary

170

(3)

Intermediate Sanctions

173

(61)

The Eras in Community Corrections

174

(1)

The Community Corrections Era

174

(1)

Intermediate Sanctions as the Focal Point of Community Corrections

174

(1)

Objectives of Intermediate Sanctions

175

(4)

Community Protection

175

(1)

Enhancement of the Correctional Continuum

176

(1)

Economic Objectives

176

(3)

Definition of Intermediate Sanctions

179

(1)

Scaling Correctional Options and the Correctional Continuum

179

(3)

Evaluating Intermediate Sanctions

182

(2)

Inmate Preferences for Incarceration over Intermediate Sanctions

184

(2)

Intensive Supervision Programs (ISPs)

186

(4)

Program Development

186

(1)

ISP Goals

187

(2)

Program Illustrations

189

(1)

Research on ISPs

189

(1)

Georgia's Intensive Supervision Program

190

(2)

New Jersey's Intensive Supervision Program

192

(2)

Massachusetts' Intensive Supervision Program

194

(1)

The Experience of the BJA/NIJ Prison Diversion Programs

195

(3)

Future of ISPs

197

(1)

Boot Camps

198

(4)

Definition

198

(1)

Program Objectives

198

(1)

Program Development

198

(2)

Boot Camps Today

200

(2)

Local Jurisdiction Boot Camp: Harris County (Houston) Texas

202

(4)

Research on Boot Camps

204

(2)

Program Variation Within the NIJ Study: The Examples of Georgia and New York

206

(2)

Boot Camps Offer No Quick Fix

208

(4)

The Future of Boot Camps

211

(1)

Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring

212

(4)

Objectives

212

(1)

Program Development

213

(1)

Implementation Issues

214

(2)

Defective Electronic Monitoring Equipment May Lead to Further Crime and Civil Liability

216

(3)

Program Effectiveness

218

(1)

The Future

218

(1)

Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring in a Rural Setting

219

(2)

Day Reporting Centers

221

(2)

Objectives

221

(1)

Development of Day Reporting Centers

221

(1)

Program Characteristics

222

(1)

Prison Without Walls: A Typical Day Reporting Experience

223

(2)

A Composite Day Reporting Center

225

(5)

Program Illustrations

226

(4)

Future of Day Reporting Centers

230

(1)

Summary

230

(4)

Community Residential Centers (Halfway Houses)

234

(31)

Objectives

236

(2)

Benefits to the Offender

236

(1)

Benefits to the Community

237

(1)

Benefits to the Justice System

238

(1)

Historical Perspective

238

(6)

Program Models

240

(4)

Program Planning and Operations

244

(6)

Target Population Selection

244

(1)

Location and Site Selection

245

(1)

Personnel and Training

246

(1)

Treatment Services

247

(1)

Resident Security and Community Protection

248

(1)

An LEAA Exemplary Project

249

(1)

Montgomery County Pre-Release Agreement

250

(1)

Problems and Issues in Halfway Houses

250

(2)

The Dilemma of Being Half In and Half Out

250

(2)

Freedom: Halfway House Style

252

(2)

Halfway House/Community Relations

253

(1)

A Profile of a Multifaceted Community Correctional Agency

253

(1)

The Inmate Code in a Halfway House: A Source of Resistance to Constructive Reintegration

254

(2)

The Mariana (Florida) Community Center

256

(1)

Program Evaluation

257

(4)

National Evaluation Program

257

(2)

NEP Recommendations

259

(1)

GAO Survey

260

(1)

Minnesota Evaluation

260

(1)

The Future of Halfway Houses

261

(1)

Management by Objectives

261

(1)

Management Information System

261

(1)

Mutual Agreement Programming

262

(1)

Summary

262

(3)

Parole and Temporary Release Programs

265

(39)

A Judge's Warning to the Parole Authorities

266

(1)

What Is Parole?

266

(2)

Objectives

268

(1)

Historical Development

269

(2)

Molester Seeks Castration; Texas Agrees: Soon to Leave Prison, Man Wants Testicles Removed as Precaution

271

(2)

Contemporary Parole

273

(4)

Administrative Structure

275

(1)

Essential Elements of Parole

276

(1)

Sentencing Flexibility

276

(1)

Sentencing Models

277

(2)

Changes in Parole Powers

278

(1)

Qualified Parole Board

278

(1)

The Truth About Polly Klaas

279

(1)

The Iowa Parole Board

280

(11)

Qualified Parole Staff

280

(2)

Freedom from Influence

282

(1)

Effective Parole Administration

282

(1)

Proper Parole Procedures

282

(4)

Promising Parole Strategies

286

(5)

The Future of Parole

291

(1)

Abolishing Parole: Why the Emperor Has No Clothes

292

(1)

Summary of Parole

293

(1)

Temporary Release Programs

294

(4)

Types of Contemporary Programs

294

(4)

Willie Horton and the Presidential Election of 1988

298

(3)

Objectives

298

(1)

Problems and Issues

299

(1)

New Directions

300

(1)

Summary of Temporary Release Programs

301

(3)

Problems and Needs of Female Offenders

304

(25)

Special Problems of Female Offenders

305

(3)

Women and Crime

305

(3)

``Women Doing Crime, Women Doing Time''

308

(4)

The Female Offender and the Criminal Justice System

310

(1)

Social Roles and the Needs of the Female Offender

311

(1)

Services

312

(2)

Economic Assistance

312

(2)

Girl Scouts Beyond Bars: Florida's Programs

314

(4)

Programs for Parents

314

(2)

Survival Training

316

(2)

Community-Based Correctional Programs

318

(8)

Major Issues in Programming

318

(1)

National Council on Crime and Delinquency (NCCD) Survey

319

(2)

NCCD Program Illustrations

321

(2)

Program Effectiveness

323

(1)

Drug Treatment Programs

324

(2)

Intermediate Sanctions

326

(1)

Issues in the Treatment of Female Offenders

326

(1)

Summary

327

(2)

Programs for Juveniles

329

(54)

Criminal Justice and Juvenile Justice

330

(1)

Overview of the Juvenile Justice System

330

(8)

The Offenders

334

(2)

Processing Juvenile Offenders

336

(2)

A Closer Look at Intake

338

(1)

Community-Based Programs for Juveniles

339

(1)

Programs for Runaways

340

(1)

Juvenile Diversion Programs

340

(3)

Outreach Programs

340

(2)

Programs Targeting Minority Youth

342

(1)

Mentoring Men of Distinction

343

(4)

Mentoring Programs

343

(1)

Youth Service Bureaus

343

(3)

Youth Courts

346

(1)

Specialized Programs

346

(1)

Teens Face Jury of Their Peers

347

(1)

Diversion and the Juvenile Justice System

348

(1)

Community Alternatives to Secure Detention

348

(2)

Home Detention Programs

349

(1)

Temporary Shelter Programs

349

(1)

Detention Aftercare in New York

350

(1)

Detention Aftercare

351

(1)

Juvenile Probation Programs

351

(6)

Programs for Youths with School-Related Problems

351

(3)

Drug Treatment Programs

354

(1)

Restitution and Community Service Programs

355

(2)

Making a Difference

357

(3)

Day Treatment Programs

358

(1)

Wilderness Experience Programs

359

(1)

Marine Institute Graduates Celebrate Love, Life Skills

360

(3)

Specialized Programs

361

(2)

Community-Based Residential Programs for Juveniles

363

(3)

Foster Care

363

(1)

Group Homes

364

(2)

Independent Living Programs

366

(1)

Juvenile Aftercare

366

(2)

Research and Program Models for Serious Chronic Delinquents

368

(6)

Research on Urban Delinquency and Substance Abuse

368

(2)

The OJJDP Plan

370

(4)

Problems and Issues in Community-Based Correctional Programs for Youths

374

(2)

Treatment versus Control

374

(1)

Deinstitutionalization of Juvenile Corrections

375

(1)

The Future of Community-Based Correctional Programs for Juveniles

376

(3)

Crime Control Moderated (Usually) by Continuing Concern for Rehabilitation

376

(1)

Continued Efforts to Develop Alternatives to Confinement

376

(3)

Summary

379

(4)

Problems and Needs of Drug- and Alcohol-Abusing Offenders

383

(38)

Special Problems of Drug Abusers

384

(1)

Drug Abuse and Crime

384

(1)

Fact Sheet: Methamphetamine

385

(1)

Emerging Drugs

386

(5)

The Narcotics User: A Portrait in Diversity

386

(2)

Characteristics of Narcotics Addicts

388

(1)

The Addict Personality

389

(1)

Causes and Purposes of Drug Addiction

389

(1)

Postaddiction Syndrome

390

(1)

Treatment of Drug Abusers

391

(1)

Methadone Maintenance

391

(1)

Prison: A Self-Contained Treatment Community

392

(2)

Therapeutic Communities

393

(1)

Learning Life Skills Through Delancey Street

394

(2)

Community-Based Correctional Programs for Narcotics Addicts

394

(2)

Bureau of Justice Assistance Fact Sheet: Treatment Accountability for Safer Communities

396

(2)

Probation Work with Drug Offenders

398

(2)

Narcotics Addicts on Parole

400

(1)

New Directions in the Treatment of Narcotics Addicts

400

(2)

I Did Drugs Until They Wore Me Out. Then I Stopped.

402

(2)

The Wildcat Project: Typical Clients

404

(1)

Special Problems of Alcohol Abusers

405

(2)

Alcohol and Crime

405

(1)

Research on Arrested Persons

405

(1)

Studies of Prisoners

406

(1)

Effects of Alcohol

406

(1)

The Stages of Alcoholism

407

(2)

The Alcoholic and the Problem Drinker

408

(1)

Causes of Alcoholism

408

(1)

Diagnosing the Problem

408

(1)

Treatment of Alcoholics and Problem Drinkers

409

(2)

Goals

409

(1)

Methods

410

(1)

Alcoholics Anonymous: The Twelve Steps

411

(1)

Community-Based Correctional Programs for Alcoholic Offenders

412

(1)

The Effectiveness of Alcohol Treatment

413

(1)

Alcohol Consumption

413

(1)

Behavioral Impairment and Adjustment

413

(1)

Patient and Treatment Characteristics

413

(1)

The Hazelden Rehabilitation Program, Center City, Minnesota

414

(2)

Treatment Prerequisites and the Criminal Justice System

414

(2)

Heavy Drinking: Long-term Effects

416

(1)

Summary

416

(2)

Goals of the 1995 National Drug Control Strategy

418

(3)

Planning for the Future

421

(24)

The Importance of Planning

422

(3)

The Planning Process

422

(1)

Policy Implementation

423

(2)

Benefits of Planning

425

(1)

The Intermediate Sanctions Planning Process

425

(4)

A Working Policy Group

426

(1)

Goal Development

426

(2)

Developing Baseline Information

428

(1)

County's Conservative Attitude Liberalizes Treatment of Lawbreakers

429

(5)

Sentence Monitoring

431

(1)

Targeting Offender Populations

431

(2)

Implementing Sentencing Policy

433

(1)

Reorganizing Community-Based Corrections

434

(2)

Programs and Strategies for the Correctional Planner

436

(5)

Subsidies and Community Corrections Acts

436

(1)

Community Correctional Centers

437

(2)

Contracting for Community Correctional Services

439

(2)

Summary

441

(1)

Conclusion

442

(3)

Index

445

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Community-Based Corrections

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Community-Based Corrections

Summary

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