The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing
, by Meyer, Michael
- ISBN: 9780312594343 | 0312594348
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 1/31/2011
The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literatureis a best-seller for a reason: it brings literature to life for students -- helping to make them lifelong readers and better writers. Classic works from many periods and cultures exist alongside a diverse representation of today's authors. Support for students includes a dozen chapters of critical reading and writing, with plenty of sample close readings, writing assignments, and student papers. And, because everyone teaches a little differently, there are lots of options for working with the literature, including in-depth chapters on major authors and case studies on individual works and themes that everyone can relate to. New to this edition are casebooks on short fiction and the natural world and a chapter created with Billy Collins.
MICHAEL MEYER (Ph.D., University of Connecticut) has taught writing and literature courses for more than 30 years -- since 1981 at the University of Connecticut and before that at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte and the College of William and Mary. His scholarly articles have appeared in distinguished journals such as American Literature, Studies in the American Renaissance, and Virginia Quarterly Review. An internationally recognized authority on Henry David Thoreau, Meyer is a former president of the Thoreau Society and coauthor (with Walter Harding) of The New Thoreau Handbook, a standard reference source. His other books for Bedford/St. Martin's include Literature to Go (2011); The Bedford Introduction to Literature (2011); Poetry: An Introduction (2010); and Thinking and Writing about Literature (2001).
Resources for Reading and Writing about Literature
Preface for Instructors Introduction: Reading Imaginative Literature
The Nature of Literature
Emily Dickinson, A Narrow Fellow in the Grass
The Value of Literature
The Changing Literary Canon FICTION THE ELEMENTS OF FICTION 1. Reading Fiction
Reading Fiction Responsively
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour
A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of Kate Chopin's “The Story of an Hour”
A SAMPLE PAPER: Differences in Responses to Kate Chopin's “The Story of an Hour”
Explorations and Formulas
A Comparison of Two Stories
Karen van der Zee, From A Secret Sorrow
Gail Godwin, A Sorrowful Woman
PERSPECTIVES
Kay Mussell, Are Feminism and Romance Novels Mutually Exclusive?
Thomas Jefferson, On the Dangers of Reading Fiction
Encountering Fiction: Comics and Graphic Stories
* Gene Luen Yang, From American Born Chinese 2. Writing about Fiction
From Reading to Writing
QUESTIONS FOR RESPONSIVE READING AND WRITING
A SAMPLE PAPER IN PROGRESS
A First Response to A Secret Sorrow and “A Sorrowful Woman”
A Sample Brainstorming List
A Sample First Draft: Separate Sorrows
A Sample Second Draft: Separate Sorrows
Final Paper: Ful?llment or Failure? Marriage in A Secret Sorrow and “A Sorrowful Woman” 3. Plot
Edgar Rice Burroughs, From Tarzan of the Apes * Alice Walker, The Flowers
William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily
PERSPECTIVE: William Faulkner, On “A Rose for Emily”
A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of William Faulkner's “A Rose for Emily”
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Con?ict in the Plot of William Faulkner's “A Rose for Emily”
Andre Dubus, Killings
PERSPECTIVE: A. L. Bader, Nothing Happens in Modern Short Stories
Encountering Fiction: Comics and Graphic Stories * Edward Gorey, From The Hapless Child 4. Character
Charles Dickens, From Hard Times
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Character Development in Charles Dickens's Hard Times
Herman Melville, Bartleby, the Scrivener
PERSPECTIVES
Nathaniel Hawthorne, On Herman Melville's Philosophic Stance
Dan McCall, On the Lawyer's Character in “Bartleby, the Scrivener”
* Junot Diaz, Fiesta, 1980
Encountering Fiction: Comics and Graphic Stories
* Lynda Barry, Spelling 5. Setting
Ernest Hemingway, Soldier's Home
PERSPECTIVE: Ernest Hemingway, On What Every Writer Needs
Fay Weldon, IND AFF, or Out of Love in Sarajevo
PERSPECTIVE: Fay Weldon, On the Importance of Place in “IND AFF”
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Signi?cance of Setting in Fay Weldon's “IND AFF”
6. Point of View
Third-Person Narrator
First-Person Narrator
* Robert Olen Butler, Jealous Husband Returns in Form of Parrot
Anton Chekhov, The Lady with the Pet Dog
PERSPECTIVES: Two Additional Translations of the Final Paragraphs of Anton Chekhov's “The Lady with the Pet Dog”
Anton Chekhov, From “The Lady and the Dog”
Anton Chekhov, From “A Lady with a Dog”
PERSPECTIVE: Anton Chekhov, On Morality in Fiction
Joyce Carol Oates, The Lady with the Pet Dog
PERSPECTIVE: Matthew C. Brennan, Point of View and Plotting in Chekhov's and Oates's “The Lady with the Pet Dog”
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Two Versions of the Same Story: Point of View in Chekhov's and Oates's “The Lady with the Pet Dog”
Encountering Fiction: Comics and Graphic Stories
* Marjane Satrapi, “The Trip,” From Persepolis 7. Symbolism
Colette, The Hand
Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal
PERSPECTIVE: Mordecai Marcus, What Is an Initiation Story?
A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of Ralph Ellison's “Battle Royal”
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Symbolism in Ralph Ellison's “Battle Royal”
* Michael Oppenheimer, The Paring Knife 8. Theme
Stephen Crane, The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky
Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill
Dagoberto Gilb, Love in L.A.
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Theme of Deception in Dagoberto Gilb's “Love in L.A.” 9. Style, Tone, and Irony
Style
Tone
Irony
Raymond Carver, Popular Mechanics
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Terse Style of Raymond Carver's “Popular Mechanics”
Susan Minot, Lust
Tim O'Brien, How to Tell a True War Story
* Rick Moody, Boys
Encountering Fiction: Comics and Graphic Stories
* Matt Groening, Life in Hell 10. Combining the Elements of Fiction: A Writing Process
The Elements Together
Mapping the Story
David Updike, Summer
QUESTIONS FOR WRITING: DEVELOPING A TOPIC INTO A REVISED THESIS
A Sample Brainstorming List
A Sample First Thesis
A Sample Revised Thesis
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Plot and Setting in David Updike's “Summer” Approaches to Fiction 11. A Study of Nathaniel Hawthorne
A Brief Biography and Introduction
Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown
Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Minister's Black Veil
Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Birthmark
PERSPECTIVES ON HAWTHORNE
Nathaniel Hawthorne, On Solitude
Nathaniel Hawthorne, On the Power of the Writer's Imagination
Nathaniel Hawthorne, On His Short Stories
Herman Melville, On Nathaniel Hawthorne's Tragic Vision
Gaylord Brewer, “The Joys of Secret Sin” 12. A Study of Flannery O'Connor
A Brief Biography and Introduction
Flannery O'Connor, A Good Man Is Hard to Find
Flannery O'Connor, Good Country People
Flannery O'Connor, Revelation
PERSPECTIVES ON O'CONNOR
Flannery O'Connor, On Faith
Flannery O'Connor, On the Materials of Fiction
Flannery O'Connor, On the Use of Exaggeration and Distortion
Flannery O'Connor, On Theme and Symbol
Josephine Hendin, On O'Connor's Refusal to “Do Pretty”
Claire Kahane, The Function of Violence in O'Connor's Fiction
Edward Kessler, On O'Connor's Use of History
TIME Magazine, On “A Good Man is Hard to Find” * 13. A Cultural Case Study: James Joyce's “Eveline”
* A Brief Biography and Introduction
* James Joyce, Eveline
* Documents
* The Alliance Temperance Almanack, On the Resources of Ireland
* Bridget Burke, A Letter Home from an Irish Emigrant
* A Plot Synopsis of The Bohemian Girl 14. A Thematic Case Study: The Literature of the South
map: U.S. Bureau of the Census, “The South”
essay: John Shelton Reed and Dale Volberg Reed, Definitions of the South
essay: W. J. Cash, The Old and the New South
movie still: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Gone with the Wind
etching: Currier and Ives, The Old Plantation Home
essay: Irving Howe, The Southern Myth
painting: John Richards, The Battle of Gettysburg, 1863
essay: Flannery O'Connor, The Regional Writer
painting: Clyde Broadway, Trinity - Elvis, Jesus, and Robert E. Lee
photo: Ernest C. Withers, “Bus Station, Colored Waiting Room, Memphis, Tennessee”
essay: Margaret Walker, The Southern Writer and Race
photo: Library of Congress, Elizabeth Eckford at Little Rock Central High School
photo: Ernest C. Withers, “Sanitation Workers' Strike, Memphis, Tennessee”
collage: Romare Bearden, Watching the Good Trains Go By
essay: Donald R. Noble, The Future of Southern Writing
essay: Lee Smith, On Southern Change and Permanence 15. A Thematic Case Study: Humor and Satire
E. Annie Proulx, 55 Miles to the Gas Pump
T. Coraghessan Boyle, Carnal Knowledge
* Ron Hansen, My Kid's Dog
* Joyce Carol Oates, Hi Howya Doin'
Mark Twain, The Story of the Good Little Boy * 16. Remarkably Short-Short Stories
* Ron Carlson, Max
* Mark Halliday, Young Man on Sixth Ave
* David Foster Wallace, Incarnations of Burned Children
* Lydia Davis, Letter to a Funeral Parlor
Peter Meinke, The Cranes
* Terry L. Tilton, That Settles That A Collection of Stories 17. An Album of Contemporary Stories
Amy Bloom, By-and-by
* John Updike, Outage
* Xu Xi, Famine 18. Stories for Further Reading
Jamaica Kincaid, Girl
* Jack London, To Build a Fire
* Katherine Mansfield, The Fly
Edgar Allan Poe, The Cask of Amontillado
Katherine Anne Porter, The Witness
John Updike, A & P POETRY THE ELEMENTS OF POETRY
19. Reading Poetry
Reading Poetry Responsively
Marge Piercy, The Secretary Chant
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays
John Updike, Dog's Death
The Pleasure of Words
William Hathaway, Oh, Oh
A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Version of William Hathaway's “Oh, Oh”
Robert Francis, Catch
A SAMPLE STUDENT ANALYSIS: Tossing Metaphors Together in Robert Francis's “Catch”
Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish
Philip Larkin, A Study of Reading Habits
Robert Morgan, Mountain Graveyard
E. E. Cummings, l(a
Anonymous, Western Wind
Regina Barreca, Nighttime Fires
SUGGESTIONS FOR APPROACHING POETRY
Billy Collins, Introduction to Poetry
Encountering Poetry: Images of Poetry in Popular Culture
poster: Dorothy Parker, Unfortunate Coincidence
photo: Carl Sandburg, Window
cartoon: Roz Chast, The Love Song of J. Alfred Crew
photo: Tim Taylor, I shake the delicate apparatus
poster: Eric Dunn and Mike Wigton, National Poetry Slam
* photo: Kevin Fleming, Poetry Reading at Nuyorican Poets Café
web screen: Poetry-portal.com
web screen: Ted Kooser, American Life in Poetry
column: David Allan Evans, Neighbors
Poetry in Popular Forms
Helen Farries, Magic of Love
John Frederick Nims, Love Poem
Bruce Springsteen, You're Missing
S. Pearl Sharp, It's the Law: A Rap Poem
PERSPECTIVE: Robert Francis, On “Hard” Poetry
Poems for Further Study
* Peter Pereira, Anagrammer
* Mary Oliver, The Poet with His Face in His Hands
Alberto Ríos, Seniors
Alfred Lord Tennyson, Crossing the Bar 20. Writing about Poetry
From Reading to Writing
QUESTIONS FOR RESPONSIVE READING AND WRITING
Elizabeth Bishop, Manners
A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Version of Elizabeth Bishop's “Manners”
A SAMPLE STUDENT ANALYSIS: Memory in Elizabeth Bishop's “Manners” 21. Word Choice, Word Order, and Tone
Word Choice
Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner
Word Order
Tone
Judith Ortiz Cofer, Common Ground
Colette Inez, Back When All Was Continuous Chuckles
Kathryn Howd Machan, Hazel Tells LaVerne
SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Tone of Kathryn Howd Machan's “Hazel Tells LaVerne”
Martín Espada, Latin Night at the Pawnshop
Paul Lawrence Dunbar, To a Captious Critic
Diction and Tone in Four Love Poems
Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time
Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress
Ann Lauinger, Marvell Noir
Sharon Olds, Last Night
Poems for Further Study
Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain
David R. Slavitt, Titanic
* Mary Oliver, Oxygen
* Cathy Song, The Youngest Daughter
John Keats, Ode on A Grecian Urn
Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool
Joan Murray, We Old Dudes
Louis Simpson, In the Suburbs
* Herbert Lomas, The Fly's Poem about Emily
Poets at Play
Billy Collins, Taking Off Emily Dickinson's Clothes
Joan Murray, Taking Off Billy Collins's Clothes
postcard: Billy Collins, To Joan Murray
A Note on Reading Translations
Three Translations of a Poem by Sappho
Sappho, Immortal Aphrodite of the broidered throne (translated by Henry T. Wharton)
Sappho, Beautiful-throned, immortal Aphrodite (translated by T. W. Higginson)
Sappho, Prayer to my lady of Paphos (translated by Mary Barnard)
Two Translations of a Poem by Pablo Neruda
Pablo Neruda, Verbo (original Spanish version)
Pablo Neruda, Verbo (translated by Ben Belitt)
Pablo Neruda, Verbo (translated by Kristin Linklater)
22. Images
Poetry's Appeal to the Senses
William Carlos Williams, Poem
Walt Whitman, Cavalry Crossing a Ford
David Solway, Windsurfing
Theodore Roethke, Root Cellar
Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach
Jimmy Santiago Baca, Green Chile
Poems for Further Study
Amy Lowell, The Pond
* Ruth Fainlight, Crocuses
Mary Robinson, London's Summer Morning
William Blake, London
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Imagery in William Blake's “London” and Mary Robinson's “London's Summer Morning”
Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est
Rainer Maria Rilke, The Panther
* Donna Masini, Slowly
Sally Croft, Home-Baked Bread
John Keats, To Autumn
* C.K. Williams, Shock
Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro
* Cathy Song, The White Porch
PERSPECTIVE: T. E. Hulme, On the Differences between Poetry and Prose 23. Figures of Speech
William Shakespeare, From Macbeth (Act V, Scene V)
Simile and Metaphor
Margaret Atwood, you fit into me
Emily Dickinson, Presentiment-is that long Shadow-on the lawn-
Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book
* Jay Rogoff, Death's Theatre
Other Figures
Edmund Conti, Pragmatist
Dylan Thomas, The Hand That Signed the Paper
Janice Townley Moore, To a Wasp
J. Patrick Lewis, The Unkindest Cut
Poems for Further Study
Gary Snyder, How Poetry Comes to Me
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Metaphor in Gary Snyder's “How Poetry Comes to Me”
Margaret Atwood, February
William Carlos Williams, To Waken an Old Lady
Ernest Slyman, Lightning Bugs
Judy Page Heitzman, The Schoolroom on the Second Floor of the Knitting Mill
William Wordsworth, London, 1802
Jim Stevens, Schizophrenia
* Walt Whitman, A Noiseless Patient Spider
John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
Linda Pastan, Marks
* Kay Ryan, Hailstorm
* Elaine Magarrell, The Joy of Cooking
Ruth Fainlight, The Clarinettist
PERSPECTIVE: John R. Searle, Figuring Out Metaphors 24. Symbol, Allegory, and Irony
Symbol
Robert Frost, Acquainted with the Night
Allegory
Edgar Allan Poe, The Haunted Palace
Irony
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Irony in Edwin Arlington Robinson's “Richard Cory”
Kenneth Fearing, AD
E. E. Cummings, next to of course god america i
Stephen Crane, A Man Said to the Universe
Poems for Further Study
Bob Hicok, Making it in Poetry
Jane Kenyon, Surprise
Martín Espada, Bully
* Kevin Pierce, Proof of Origin
Carl Sandburg, Buttons
Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar
* May Swenson, All That Time
William Stafford, Traveling through the Dark
Julio Marzán, Ethnic Poetry
Mark Halliday, Graded Paper
* Charles Simic, The Storm
James Merrill, Casual Wear
Henry Reed, Naming of Parts
Rachel Hadas, The Compact
* Bruce Weigl, Snowy Egret
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess
William Blake, The Chimney Sweeper
PERSPECTIVE: Ezra Pound, On Symbols 25. Sounds
Listening to Poetry
Anonymous, Scarborough Fair
John Updike, Player Piano
May Swenson, A Nosty Fright
Emily Dickinson, A Bird came down the Walk-
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Sound in Emily Dickinson's “A Bird came down the Walk-”
Galway Kinnell, Blackberry Eating
Rhyme
Richard Armour, Going to Extremes
Robert Southey, From “The Cataract of Lodore”
PERSPECTIVE: David Lenson, On the Contemporary Use of Rhyme
Sound and Meaning
Gerard Manley Hopkins, God's Grandeur
Poems for Further Study
* Molly Peacock, Of Night
Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson), Jabberwocky
* Harryette Mullen, Blah-Blah
William Heyen, The Trains
John Donne, Song
Alexander Pope, From An Essay on Criticism
Haki R. Madhbuti, The B Network
* Andrew Hudgins, The Cow
Paul Humphrey, Blow
Robert Francis, The Pitcher
Helen Chasin, The Word Plum
* Richard Wakefield, The Bell Rope
* John Keats, Ode to a Nightingale 26. Patterns of Rhythm
Some Principles of Meter
Walt Whitman, From “Song of the Open Road”
William Wordsworth, My Heart Leaps Up
SUGGESTIONS FOR SCANNING A POEM
Timothy Steele, Waiting for the Storm
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Rhythm of Anticipation in Timothy Steele's “Waiting for the Storm”
William Butler Yeats, That the Night Come
Poems for Further Study
* Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Break, Break, Break
Alice Jones, The Foot
A. E. Housman, When I was one-and-twenty
Rita Dove, Fox Trot Fridays
Robert Herrick, Delight in Disorder
Ben Jonson, Still to Be Neat
* Sonia Sanchez, Summer Words of a Sistuh Addict
William Blake, The Lamb
William Blake, The Tyger
Carl Sandburg, Chicago
* Mark Doty, Tunnel Music
* Mark Turpin, Sledgehammer's Song
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Charge of the Light Brigade
Theodore Roethke, My Papa's Waltz
PERSPECTIVE: Louise Bogan, On Formal Poetry 27. Poetic Forms
Some Common Poetic Forms
A. E. Housman, Loveliest of trees, the cherry now
Robert Herrick, Upon Julia's Clothes
Sonnet
John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer
William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us
William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
William Shakespeare, My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun
Edna St. Vincent Millay, I will put Chaos into fourteen lines
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Fixed Form in Edna St. Vincent Millay's “I will put Chaos into fourteen lines”
Molly Peacock, Desire
Mark Jarman, Unholy Sonnet
* X.J. Kennedy, “The Purpose of Time is to Prevent Everything from Happening at Once”
* Jim Tilley, Boys
Villanelle
Dylan Thomas, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night
Wendy Cope, Lonely Hearts
Sestina
Algernon Charles Swinburne, Sestina
Florence Cassen Mayers, All-American Sestina
Epigram
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, What Is an Epigram?
A. R. Ammons, Coward
David McCord, Epitaph on a Waiter
Paul Lawrence Dunbar, Theology
Limerick
Anonymous, There was a young lady named Bright
Laurence Perrine, The limerick's never averse
Haiku
Matsuo Bash_, Under cherry trees
Carolyn Kizer, After Bash_
Sonia Sanchez, c'mon man hold me
Elegy
Theodore Roethke, Elegy for Jane
* Brendan Galvin, An Evel Knievel Elegy
Ode
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ode to the West Wind
* Baron Wormser, Labor
Picture Poem
Michael McFee, In Medias Res
Parody
Blanche Farley, The Lover Not Taken
PERSPECTIVE: Elaine Mitchell, Form 28. Open Form
E. E. Cummings, in Just-
Walt Whitman, From “I Sing the Body Electric”
PERSPECTIVE: Walt Whitman, On Rhyme and Meter
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Power of Walt Whitman's Open Form Poem “I Sing the Body Electric”
Louis Jenkins, The Prose Poem
Richard Hague, Directions for Resisting the SAT
Galway Kinnell, After Making Love We Hear Footsteps
Kelly Cherry, Alzheimer's
William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow
Marilyn Nelson Waniek, Emily Dickinson's Defunct
* Jeffrey Harrison, The Names of Things
Julio Marzán, The Translator at the Reception for Latin American Writers
* Todd Boss, Advance
Anonymous, The Frog
Tato Laviera, AmeRícan
Peter Meinke, The ABC of Aerobics
* Sandra M. Gilbert, Chairlift
Found Poem
Donald Justice, Order in the Streets 29. Combining the Elements of Poetry: A Writing Process
The Elements Together
Mapping the Poem
John Donne, Death Be Not Proud
Asking Questions about the Elements
A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Version of John Donne's “Death Be Not Proud”
A SAMPLE FIRST RESPONSE
Organizing Your Thoughts
A SAMPLE INFORMAL OUTLINE
The Elements and Theme
A SAMPLE EXPLICATION: The Use of Conventional Metaphors for Death in John Donne's “Death Be Not Proud”Approaches to Poetry
30. A Study of Emily Dickinson
A Brief Biography
An Introduction to Her Work
Emily Dickinson
If I can stop one Heart from breaking
If I shouldn't be alive
The Thought beneath so slight a film-
To make a prairie it takes a clover and one bee
Success is counted sweetest
* Some things that fly there be
Water, is taught by thirst
Safe in their Alabaster Chambers-(1859 version)
Safe in their Alabaster Chambers-(1861 version)
Portraits are to daily faces
* My Life had stood-a Loaded Gun
Some keep the Sabbath going to Church-
“Heaven”-is what I cannot reach!
“Hope” is the thing with feathers
* The Robin's my Criterion for Tune-
* I started Early-Took my Dog
I like a look of Agony
Wild Nights-Wild Nights!
What Soft-Cherubic Creatures-
The Soul selects her own Society-
Much Madness is divinest Sense-
I dwell in Possibility-
They dropped like Flakes-
After great pain, a formal feeling comes-
* Pain-has an Element of Blank-
* The Morning after Wo-
I heard a Fly buzz-when I died-
Because I could not stop for Death-
* He fumbles at your Soul
I felt a Cleaving in my Mind-
* I felt a Funeral in my Brain
A Light exists in Spring
The Bustle in a House
Tell all the Truth but tell it slant-
There is no Frigate like a Book
* Fame is the one that does not stay-
PERSPECTIVES ON EMILY DICKINSON
Emily Dickinson, A Description of Herself
Thomas Wentworth Higginson, On Meeting Dickinson for the First Time
Mabel Loomis Todd, The Character of Amherst
Richard Wilbur, On Dickinson's Sense of Privation
Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, On Dickinson's White Dress
Cynthia Griffin Wolff, On the Many Voices in Dickinson's Poetry
Paula Bennett, On “I heard a Fly buzz-when I died-”
Martha Nell Smith, On “Because I could not stop for Death-”
QUESTIONS FOR WRITING ABOUT AN AUTHOR IN DEPTH
A Sample In-Depth Study: Four Poems by Emily Dickinson
Emily Dickinson
“Faith” is a fine invention
I know that He exists
I never saw a Moor-
Apparently with no surprise
A SAMPLE STUDENT PAPER: Religious Faith in Four Poems by Emily Dickinson 31. A Study of Robert Frost
A Brief Biography
An Introduction to His Work
Robert Frost
The Road Not Taken
The Pasture
Mowing
My November Guest
Storm Fear
Mending Wall
Home Burial
* The Wood-pile
After Apple-Picking
Birches
* An Old Man's Winter Night
“Out, Out-”
* The Oven Bird
Fire and Ice
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
Nothing Gold Can Stay
Unharvested
Neither Out Far nor In Deep
Design
PERSPECTIVES ON ROBERT FROST
Robert Frost, “In White,” An Early Version of “Design”
Robert Frost, On the Living Part of a Poem
Amy Lowell, On Frost's Realistic Technique
Robert Frost, On the Figure a Poem Makes
Robert Frost, On the Way to Read a Poem
Herbert R. Coursen Jr., A Parodic Interpretation of “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” 32. A Study of Langston Hughes
A Brief Biography
Langston Hughes
The Negro Speaks of Rivers
An Introduction to His Work
I, Too
Negro
Danse Africaine
Dream Variations
Formula
Esthete in Harlem
Lenox Avenue: Midnight
Song for a Dark Girl
Red Silk Stockings
Rent-Party Shout: For a Lady Dancer
* 50-50
125th Street
dream Boogie
Harlem
* Motto
Old Walt * High to Low
PERSPECTIVES ON LANGSTON HUGHES
Langston Hughes, On Harlem Rent Parties
James E. Emanuel, Hughes's Attitudes toward Religion
David Chinitz, The Romanticization of Africa in the 1920s
* 33. A Study of Billy Collins: The Author Reflects on Five Poems
* A Brief Biography and an Introduction to His Work
* introduction: Billy Collins, “How Do Poems Travel?”
* poem: Billy Collins, Osso Buco
* essay: Billy Collins, On Writing “Osso Buco”
* poem: Billy Collins, Nostalgia
* essay: Billy Collins, On Writing “Nostalgia”
* poem: Billy Collins, Questions About Angels
* essay: Billy Collins, On Writing “Questions About Angels”
* poem: Billy Collins, Litany
* essay: Billy Collins, On Writing “Litany”
* poem: Billy Collins, Building with Its Face Blown Off
* PERSPECTIVE (INTERVIEW): On “Building with Its Face Blown Off”: Michael Meyer Interviews Billy Collins
* manuscript: Billy Collins, Draft Manuscript Page of “Busy Day” 34. A Study of Julia Alvarez: Five Poems
A Brief Biography
An Introduction to Her Work
essay: Julia Alvarez, A Note to Students On Writing “Queens, 1963”
poem: Julia Alvarez, Queens, 1963
PERSPECTIVE (INTERVIEW): Marny Requa, From an Interview with Julia Alvarez
essay: Julia Alvarez, On Writing “Housekeeping Cages” and Her Housekeeping Poems
poem: Julia Alvarez, Housekeeping Cages
essay: Julia Alvarez, A Note to Students On Writing “Dusting”
poem: Julia Alvarez, Dusting
essay: Julia Alvarez, A Note to Students On Writing “Ironing Their Clothes”
poem: Julia Alvarez, Ironing Their Clothes
essay: Julia Alvarez, A Note to Students On Writing “Sometimes the Words Are So Close”
poem: Julia Alvarez, Sometimes the Words Are So Close
manuscript: Four Drafts of “Sometimes the Words Are So Close”: A Poet's Writing Process
essay: Julia Alvarez, A Note to Students On Writing “First Muse”
poem: Julia Alvarez, First Muse
PERSPECTIVE: Kelli Lyon Johnson, Mapping an Identity 35. A Thematic Case Study: Love and Longing
A Brief Introduction
Christopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love
William Shakespeare, Not marble, nor the gilded monuments
Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband
Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count The Ways
* Edna St. Vincent Millay, Recuerdo
E. E. Cummings, since feeling is first
Mark Doty, The Embrace
* Joan Murray, Play by Play
Billie Bolton, Memorandum
* Michael Ryan, Bunny 36. A Thematic Case Study: Humor and Satire
A Brief Introduction
Fleur Adcock, The Video
John Ciardi, Suburban
Ronald Wallace, In a Rut
Howard Nemerov, Walking the Dog
* Linda Pastan, Jump Cabling
Peter Schmitt, Friends with Numbers
Martín Espada, The Community College Revises its Curriculum in Response to Changing Demographics
M. Carl Holman, Mr. Z
Gary Soto, Mexicans Begin Jogging
Thomas Lux, Commercial Leech Farming Today
* Lee Upton, Dyserotica
* X.J. Kennedy, On a Young Man's Remaining an Undergraduate for Twelve Years
37. A Thematic Case Study: Milestones
* Allen Braden, Sweethearts
* Baron Wormser, Shoplifting
* Marilyn Nelson, How I Discovered Poetry
* Charles Simic, In the Library
* Trevor West Knapp, Touch
* Sandra M. Gilbert, How We Didn't Tell Her
* Anne Carson, Father's Old Blue Cardigan
* Barbara Crooker, On the Edge of Adolescence, My Middle Daughter Learns to Play the Saxophone
Luisa Lopez, Junior Year Abroad
Yusef Komunyakaa, Slam, Dunk, & Hook 38. A Thematic Case Study: The Natural World
* Tom Disch, Birdsong Interpreted
* Jane Hirschfield, Happiness
* Leslie Marmon Silko, Love Poem
* Margaret Atwood, A Holiday
* Maxine Kumin, Though He Tarry
* Gail White, Dead Armadillos
* Dave Lucas, November
* Walt McDonald, Coming Across It
Alden Nowlan, The Bull Moose
* Robert B. Shaw, Wild Turkeys
* Paul Zimmer, What I Know about Owls An Anthology of Poems 39. An Album of Contemporary Poems
Michelle Boisseau, Self-Pity's Closet
* Eamon Grennan, Herringbone
* Mary Stewart Hammond, High Ground
Tony Hoagland, America
Rachel Loden, Locked Ward: Newtown, Connecticut
Susan Minot, My Husband's Back
Alberto Ríos, The Gathering Evening
* C.K. Williams, The United States 40. A Collection of Poems
Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan
William Blake, Infant Sorrow
Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose
George Gordon, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty
Lucille Clifton, this morning (for the girls of eastern high school)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan: or, a Vision in a Dream
John Donne, The Apparition
John Donne, The Flea
* George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans), In a London Drawingroom
T.S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
Thomas Hardy, Hap
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty
Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover
* A. E. Housman, Is my team ploughing
A. E. Housman, To an Athlete Dying Young
Julia Ward Howe, Battle-Hymn of the Republic
Ben Jonson, To Celia
John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci
* John Keats, Written in Disgust of Vulgar Superstition
Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus
* Phillis Levin, May Day
* Edna St. Vincent Millay, First Fig
John Milton, When I consider how my light is spent
Christina Georgina Rossetti, Some Ladies Dress in Muslin Full and White
* Sigfried Sassoon, “They”
William Shakespeare, That time of year thou mayst in me behold
William Shakespeare, When forty winters shall besiege thy brow
* William Shakespeare, When, in disgrace with Fortune and men's eyes
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias
Lydia Huntley Sigourney, Indian Names
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses
* Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Tears, Idle Tears
Walt Whitman, One's-Self I Sing
Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer
William Carlos Williams, This Is Just to Say
William Wordsworth, A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal
William Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper
William Wordsworth, Mutability
William Butler Yeats, Leda and the SwanA Thematic Case Study: Crossing Boundaries
Transcendence and Borders
diagram: An 18th Century Slave Ship
poem: Phillis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America
poster: A 1784 Slave Auction Advertisement
Identity and Borders
poem: Pat Mora, Legal Alien
collage: Jacalyn López Garcia, I Just Wanted to be Me
Immigration and Borders
poem: Sandra M. Gilbert, Mafioso
photo: “Baggage Examined Here,” Ellis Island
Expectations and Borders
poem: Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, Indian Movie, New Jersey
album cover: Rawal Films, Ladki Pasano Hai (I Like this Girl)
Beauty and Borders
poem: Janice Mirikitani, Recipe
photo: Chiaki Tsukumo, “Girl with Licca Doll”
Freedom and Borders
poem: Thomas Lynch, Liberty
photo: Alex MacLean, “Somerville, Massachusetts” DRAMA THE STUDY OF DRAMA 41. Reading Drama
Reading Drama Responsively
Susan Glaspell, Trifles
A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of Susan Glaspell's Tri?es
* PERSPECTIVE: Susan Glaspell, From the Short Story Version of Tri?es
Elements of Drama
Michael Hollinger, Naked Lunch
* Joan Ackermann, Quiet, Torrential Sound
Drama in Popular Forms
Larry David, “The Pitch,” a Seinfeld Episode
PERSPECTIVE: Geoffrey O'Brien, On Seinfeld as Sitcom Moneymaker 42. Writing about Drama
From Reading to Writing
Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing
A SAMPLE STUDENT PAPER: The Feminist Evidence in Tri?es 43. A Study of Sophocles
Theatrical Conventions of Greek Drama
Tragedy
Sophocles, Oedipus the King (Translated by Robert Fagles)
PERSPECTIVES ON SOPHOCLES
Aristotle, On Tragic Character
Sigmund Freud, On the Oedipus Complex
Sophocles, Another Translation of a Scene from Oedipus the King
Muriel Rukeyser, On Oedipus the King
David Wiles, On Oedipus the King as a Political Play Plays in Performance
Photos of scenes from:
Sophocles, Oedipus the King
William Shakespeare, Othello
Henrik Ibsen, A Doll House
* John Patrick Shanley, Doubt
Jane Martin, Rodeo
* August Wilson, Fences
* David Henry Hwang, Trying to Find Chinatown
* Nilaja Sun, No Child…
Rich Orloff, Playwriting 101
* Christopher Durang, Wanda's Visit 44. A Study of William Shakespeare
Shakespeare's Theater
The Range of Shakespeare's Drama: History, Comedy, and Tragedy
A Note on Reading Shakespeare
William Shakespeare, Othello The Moor of Venice
PERSPECTIVES ON SHAKESPEARE
The Mayor of London (1597), Objections to the Elizabethan Theater
Lisa Jardine, On Boy Actors in Female Roles
Samuel Johnson, On Shakespeare's Characters
Jane Adamson, On Desdemona's Role in Othello
David Bevington, On Othello's Heroic Struggle
James Kincaid, On the Value of Comedy in the Face of Tragedy 45. Modern Drama
Realism
Naturalism
Theatrical Conventions of Modern Drama
Henrik Ibsen, A Doll House (Translated by Rolf Fjelde)
PERSPECTIVE: Henrik Ibsen, Notes for A Doll House
Beyond Realism 46. A Critical Case Study: Henrik Ibsen's A Doll House
PERSPECTIVES
A Nineteenth-Century Husband's Letter to His Wife
Barry Witham and John Lutterbie, A Marxist Approach to A Doll House
Carol Strongin Tufts, A Psychoanalytic Reading of Nora
Joan Templeton, Is A Doll House a Feminist Text?
QUESTIONS FOR WRITING
Applying a Critical Strategy
SAMPLE STUDENT PAPER: On the Other Side of the Slammed Door in Henrik Ibsen's A Doll House 47. A Thematic Case Study: An Album of Contemporary Humor and Satire
Jane Anderson, The Reprimand
* Sharon E. Cooper, Mistaken Identity
* Christopher Durang, Wanda's Visit
David Ives, Moby-Dude, Or: The Three-Minute Whale
Jane Martin, Rodeo
Rich Orloff, Playwriting 101: The Rooftop Lesson A Collection of Plays 48. Plays for Further Reading
David Henry Hwang, Trying to Find Chinatown
* Samuel Beckett, Krapp's Last Tape
* John Patrick Shanley, Doubt
* Nilaja Sun, No Child…
August Wilson, Fences
PERSPECTIVE: David Savran, An Interview with August Wilson CRITICAL THINKING AND WRITING 49. Critical Strategies for Reading
Critical Thinking
The Literary Canon: Diversity and Controversy
Formalist Strategies
Biographical Strategies
Psychological Strategies
Historical Strategies
Gender Strategies
Mythological Strategies
Reader-Response Strategies
Deconstructionist Strategies 50. Reading and Writing
The Purpose and Value of Writing about Literature
Reading the Work Closely
Annotating the Text and Journal Note Taking
Choosing a Topic
Developing a Thesis
Arguing about Literature
QUESTIONS FOR ARGUING ABOUT LITERATURE
Organizing a Paper
Writing a Draft
Revising and Editing
QUESTIONS FOR WRITING: A REVISION CHECKLIST
Manuscript Form
Types of Writing Assignments
Emily Dickinson, There's a certain Slant of light
A SAMPLE STUDENT EXPLICATION: A Reading of Emily Dickinson's “There's a certain Slant of light”
A SAMPLE STUDENT ANALYSIS: John Updike's “A & P” as a State of Mind
A SAMPLE STUDENT COMPARISON: The Struggle for Women's Self-De?nition in Henrik Ibsen's A Doll House and Colette's “The Hand”
51. The Literary Research Paper
Choosing a Topic
Finding Sources
Electronic Sources
Evaluating Sources and Taking Notes
Developing a Thesis and Organizing the Paper
Revising
Documenting Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism
The List of Works Cited
Parenthetical References
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESEARCH PAPER: How William Faulkner's Narrator Cultivates a Rose for Emily 52. Taking Essay Examinations
Preparing for an Essay Exam
Types of Exams
Strategies for Writing Essay Exams
QUESTIONS FOR WRITING: A CHECKLIST FOR ESSAY EXAMS Glossary of Literary Terms
Index of First Lines
Index of Authors and Titles
Index of Terms
Preface for Instructors Introduction: Reading Imaginative Literature
The Nature of Literature
Emily Dickinson, A Narrow Fellow in the Grass
The Value of Literature
The Changing Literary Canon FICTION THE ELEMENTS OF FICTION 1. Reading Fiction
Reading Fiction Responsively
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour
A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of Kate Chopin's “The Story of an Hour”
A SAMPLE PAPER: Differences in Responses to Kate Chopin's “The Story of an Hour”
Explorations and Formulas
A Comparison of Two Stories
Karen van der Zee, From A Secret Sorrow
Gail Godwin, A Sorrowful Woman
PERSPECTIVES
Kay Mussell, Are Feminism and Romance Novels Mutually Exclusive?
Thomas Jefferson, On the Dangers of Reading Fiction
Encountering Fiction: Comics and Graphic Stories
* Gene Luen Yang, From American Born Chinese 2. Writing about Fiction
From Reading to Writing
QUESTIONS FOR RESPONSIVE READING AND WRITING
A SAMPLE PAPER IN PROGRESS
A First Response to A Secret Sorrow and “A Sorrowful Woman”
A Sample Brainstorming List
A Sample First Draft: Separate Sorrows
A Sample Second Draft: Separate Sorrows
Final Paper: Ful?llment or Failure? Marriage in A Secret Sorrow and “A Sorrowful Woman” 3. Plot
Edgar Rice Burroughs, From Tarzan of the Apes * Alice Walker, The Flowers
William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily
PERSPECTIVE: William Faulkner, On “A Rose for Emily”
A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of William Faulkner's “A Rose for Emily”
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Con?ict in the Plot of William Faulkner's “A Rose for Emily”
Andre Dubus, Killings
PERSPECTIVE: A. L. Bader, Nothing Happens in Modern Short Stories
Encountering Fiction: Comics and Graphic Stories * Edward Gorey, From The Hapless Child 4. Character
Charles Dickens, From Hard Times
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Character Development in Charles Dickens's Hard Times
Herman Melville, Bartleby, the Scrivener
PERSPECTIVES
Nathaniel Hawthorne, On Herman Melville's Philosophic Stance
Dan McCall, On the Lawyer's Character in “Bartleby, the Scrivener”
* Junot Diaz, Fiesta, 1980
Encountering Fiction: Comics and Graphic Stories
* Lynda Barry, Spelling 5. Setting
Ernest Hemingway, Soldier's Home
PERSPECTIVE: Ernest Hemingway, On What Every Writer Needs
Fay Weldon, IND AFF, or Out of Love in Sarajevo
PERSPECTIVE: Fay Weldon, On the Importance of Place in “IND AFF”
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Signi?cance of Setting in Fay Weldon's “IND AFF”
6. Point of View
Third-Person Narrator
First-Person Narrator
* Robert Olen Butler, Jealous Husband Returns in Form of Parrot
Anton Chekhov, The Lady with the Pet Dog
PERSPECTIVES: Two Additional Translations of the Final Paragraphs of Anton Chekhov's “The Lady with the Pet Dog”
Anton Chekhov, From “The Lady and the Dog”
Anton Chekhov, From “A Lady with a Dog”
PERSPECTIVE: Anton Chekhov, On Morality in Fiction
Joyce Carol Oates, The Lady with the Pet Dog
PERSPECTIVE: Matthew C. Brennan, Point of View and Plotting in Chekhov's and Oates's “The Lady with the Pet Dog”
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Two Versions of the Same Story: Point of View in Chekhov's and Oates's “The Lady with the Pet Dog”
Encountering Fiction: Comics and Graphic Stories
* Marjane Satrapi, “The Trip,” From Persepolis 7. Symbolism
Colette, The Hand
Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal
PERSPECTIVE: Mordecai Marcus, What Is an Initiation Story?
A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of Ralph Ellison's “Battle Royal”
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Symbolism in Ralph Ellison's “Battle Royal”
* Michael Oppenheimer, The Paring Knife 8. Theme
Stephen Crane, The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky
Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill
Dagoberto Gilb, Love in L.A.
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Theme of Deception in Dagoberto Gilb's “Love in L.A.” 9. Style, Tone, and Irony
Style
Tone
Irony
Raymond Carver, Popular Mechanics
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Terse Style of Raymond Carver's “Popular Mechanics”
Susan Minot, Lust
Tim O'Brien, How to Tell a True War Story
* Rick Moody, Boys
Encountering Fiction: Comics and Graphic Stories
* Matt Groening, Life in Hell 10. Combining the Elements of Fiction: A Writing Process
The Elements Together
Mapping the Story
David Updike, Summer
QUESTIONS FOR WRITING: DEVELOPING A TOPIC INTO A REVISED THESIS
A Sample Brainstorming List
A Sample First Thesis
A Sample Revised Thesis
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Plot and Setting in David Updike's “Summer” Approaches to Fiction 11. A Study of Nathaniel Hawthorne
A Brief Biography and Introduction
Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown
Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Minister's Black Veil
Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Birthmark
PERSPECTIVES ON HAWTHORNE
Nathaniel Hawthorne, On Solitude
Nathaniel Hawthorne, On the Power of the Writer's Imagination
Nathaniel Hawthorne, On His Short Stories
Herman Melville, On Nathaniel Hawthorne's Tragic Vision
Gaylord Brewer, “The Joys of Secret Sin” 12. A Study of Flannery O'Connor
A Brief Biography and Introduction
Flannery O'Connor, A Good Man Is Hard to Find
Flannery O'Connor, Good Country People
Flannery O'Connor, Revelation
PERSPECTIVES ON O'CONNOR
Flannery O'Connor, On Faith
Flannery O'Connor, On the Materials of Fiction
Flannery O'Connor, On the Use of Exaggeration and Distortion
Flannery O'Connor, On Theme and Symbol
Josephine Hendin, On O'Connor's Refusal to “Do Pretty”
Claire Kahane, The Function of Violence in O'Connor's Fiction
Edward Kessler, On O'Connor's Use of History
TIME Magazine, On “A Good Man is Hard to Find” * 13. A Cultural Case Study: James Joyce's “Eveline”
* A Brief Biography and Introduction
* James Joyce, Eveline
* Documents
* The Alliance Temperance Almanack, On the Resources of Ireland
* Bridget Burke, A Letter Home from an Irish Emigrant
* A Plot Synopsis of The Bohemian Girl 14. A Thematic Case Study: The Literature of the South
map: U.S. Bureau of the Census, “The South”
essay: John Shelton Reed and Dale Volberg Reed, Definitions of the South
essay: W. J. Cash, The Old and the New South
movie still: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Gone with the Wind
etching: Currier and Ives, The Old Plantation Home
essay: Irving Howe, The Southern Myth
painting: John Richards, The Battle of Gettysburg, 1863
essay: Flannery O'Connor, The Regional Writer
painting: Clyde Broadway, Trinity - Elvis, Jesus, and Robert E. Lee
photo: Ernest C. Withers, “Bus Station, Colored Waiting Room, Memphis, Tennessee”
essay: Margaret Walker, The Southern Writer and Race
photo: Library of Congress, Elizabeth Eckford at Little Rock Central High School
photo: Ernest C. Withers, “Sanitation Workers' Strike, Memphis, Tennessee”
collage: Romare Bearden, Watching the Good Trains Go By
essay: Donald R. Noble, The Future of Southern Writing
essay: Lee Smith, On Southern Change and Permanence 15. A Thematic Case Study: Humor and Satire
E. Annie Proulx, 55 Miles to the Gas Pump
T. Coraghessan Boyle, Carnal Knowledge
* Ron Hansen, My Kid's Dog
* Joyce Carol Oates, Hi Howya Doin'
Mark Twain, The Story of the Good Little Boy * 16. Remarkably Short-Short Stories
* Ron Carlson, Max
* Mark Halliday, Young Man on Sixth Ave
* David Foster Wallace, Incarnations of Burned Children
* Lydia Davis, Letter to a Funeral Parlor
Peter Meinke, The Cranes
* Terry L. Tilton, That Settles That A Collection of Stories 17. An Album of Contemporary Stories
Amy Bloom, By-and-by
* John Updike, Outage
* Xu Xi, Famine 18. Stories for Further Reading
Jamaica Kincaid, Girl
* Jack London, To Build a Fire
* Katherine Mansfield, The Fly
Edgar Allan Poe, The Cask of Amontillado
Katherine Anne Porter, The Witness
John Updike, A & P POETRY THE ELEMENTS OF POETRY
19. Reading Poetry
Reading Poetry Responsively
Marge Piercy, The Secretary Chant
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays
John Updike, Dog's Death
The Pleasure of Words
William Hathaway, Oh, Oh
A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Version of William Hathaway's “Oh, Oh”
Robert Francis, Catch
A SAMPLE STUDENT ANALYSIS: Tossing Metaphors Together in Robert Francis's “Catch”
Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish
Philip Larkin, A Study of Reading Habits
Robert Morgan, Mountain Graveyard
E. E. Cummings, l(a
Anonymous, Western Wind
Regina Barreca, Nighttime Fires
SUGGESTIONS FOR APPROACHING POETRY
Billy Collins, Introduction to Poetry
Encountering Poetry: Images of Poetry in Popular Culture
poster: Dorothy Parker, Unfortunate Coincidence
photo: Carl Sandburg, Window
cartoon: Roz Chast, The Love Song of J. Alfred Crew
photo: Tim Taylor, I shake the delicate apparatus
poster: Eric Dunn and Mike Wigton, National Poetry Slam
* photo: Kevin Fleming, Poetry Reading at Nuyorican Poets Café
web screen: Poetry-portal.com
web screen: Ted Kooser, American Life in Poetry
column: David Allan Evans, Neighbors
Poetry in Popular Forms
Helen Farries, Magic of Love
John Frederick Nims, Love Poem
Bruce Springsteen, You're Missing
S. Pearl Sharp, It's the Law: A Rap Poem
PERSPECTIVE: Robert Francis, On “Hard” Poetry
Poems for Further Study
* Peter Pereira, Anagrammer
* Mary Oliver, The Poet with His Face in His Hands
Alberto Ríos, Seniors
Alfred Lord Tennyson, Crossing the Bar 20. Writing about Poetry
From Reading to Writing
QUESTIONS FOR RESPONSIVE READING AND WRITING
Elizabeth Bishop, Manners
A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Version of Elizabeth Bishop's “Manners”
A SAMPLE STUDENT ANALYSIS: Memory in Elizabeth Bishop's “Manners” 21. Word Choice, Word Order, and Tone
Word Choice
Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner
Word Order
Tone
Judith Ortiz Cofer, Common Ground
Colette Inez, Back When All Was Continuous Chuckles
Kathryn Howd Machan, Hazel Tells LaVerne
SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Tone of Kathryn Howd Machan's “Hazel Tells LaVerne”
Martín Espada, Latin Night at the Pawnshop
Paul Lawrence Dunbar, To a Captious Critic
Diction and Tone in Four Love Poems
Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time
Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress
Ann Lauinger, Marvell Noir
Sharon Olds, Last Night
Poems for Further Study
Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain
David R. Slavitt, Titanic
* Mary Oliver, Oxygen
* Cathy Song, The Youngest Daughter
John Keats, Ode on A Grecian Urn
Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool
Joan Murray, We Old Dudes
Louis Simpson, In the Suburbs
* Herbert Lomas, The Fly's Poem about Emily
Poets at Play
Billy Collins, Taking Off Emily Dickinson's Clothes
Joan Murray, Taking Off Billy Collins's Clothes
postcard: Billy Collins, To Joan Murray
A Note on Reading Translations
Three Translations of a Poem by Sappho
Sappho, Immortal Aphrodite of the broidered throne (translated by Henry T. Wharton)
Sappho, Beautiful-throned, immortal Aphrodite (translated by T. W. Higginson)
Sappho, Prayer to my lady of Paphos (translated by Mary Barnard)
Two Translations of a Poem by Pablo Neruda
Pablo Neruda, Verbo (original Spanish version)
Pablo Neruda, Verbo (translated by Ben Belitt)
Pablo Neruda, Verbo (translated by Kristin Linklater)
22. Images
Poetry's Appeal to the Senses
William Carlos Williams, Poem
Walt Whitman, Cavalry Crossing a Ford
David Solway, Windsurfing
Theodore Roethke, Root Cellar
Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach
Jimmy Santiago Baca, Green Chile
Poems for Further Study
Amy Lowell, The Pond
* Ruth Fainlight, Crocuses
Mary Robinson, London's Summer Morning
William Blake, London
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Imagery in William Blake's “London” and Mary Robinson's “London's Summer Morning”
Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est
Rainer Maria Rilke, The Panther
* Donna Masini, Slowly
Sally Croft, Home-Baked Bread
John Keats, To Autumn
* C.K. Williams, Shock
Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro
* Cathy Song, The White Porch
PERSPECTIVE: T. E. Hulme, On the Differences between Poetry and Prose 23. Figures of Speech
William Shakespeare, From Macbeth (Act V, Scene V)
Simile and Metaphor
Margaret Atwood, you fit into me
Emily Dickinson, Presentiment-is that long Shadow-on the lawn-
Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book
* Jay Rogoff, Death's Theatre
Other Figures
Edmund Conti, Pragmatist
Dylan Thomas, The Hand That Signed the Paper
Janice Townley Moore, To a Wasp
J. Patrick Lewis, The Unkindest Cut
Poems for Further Study
Gary Snyder, How Poetry Comes to Me
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Metaphor in Gary Snyder's “How Poetry Comes to Me”
Margaret Atwood, February
William Carlos Williams, To Waken an Old Lady
Ernest Slyman, Lightning Bugs
Judy Page Heitzman, The Schoolroom on the Second Floor of the Knitting Mill
William Wordsworth, London, 1802
Jim Stevens, Schizophrenia
* Walt Whitman, A Noiseless Patient Spider
John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
Linda Pastan, Marks
* Kay Ryan, Hailstorm
* Elaine Magarrell, The Joy of Cooking
Ruth Fainlight, The Clarinettist
PERSPECTIVE: John R. Searle, Figuring Out Metaphors 24. Symbol, Allegory, and Irony
Symbol
Robert Frost, Acquainted with the Night
Allegory
Edgar Allan Poe, The Haunted Palace
Irony
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Irony in Edwin Arlington Robinson's “Richard Cory”
Kenneth Fearing, AD
E. E. Cummings, next to of course god america i
Stephen Crane, A Man Said to the Universe
Poems for Further Study
Bob Hicok, Making it in Poetry
Jane Kenyon, Surprise
Martín Espada, Bully
* Kevin Pierce, Proof of Origin
Carl Sandburg, Buttons
Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar
* May Swenson, All That Time
William Stafford, Traveling through the Dark
Julio Marzán, Ethnic Poetry
Mark Halliday, Graded Paper
* Charles Simic, The Storm
James Merrill, Casual Wear
Henry Reed, Naming of Parts
Rachel Hadas, The Compact
* Bruce Weigl, Snowy Egret
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess
William Blake, The Chimney Sweeper
PERSPECTIVE: Ezra Pound, On Symbols 25. Sounds
Listening to Poetry
Anonymous, Scarborough Fair
John Updike, Player Piano
May Swenson, A Nosty Fright
Emily Dickinson, A Bird came down the Walk-
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Sound in Emily Dickinson's “A Bird came down the Walk-”
Galway Kinnell, Blackberry Eating
Rhyme
Richard Armour, Going to Extremes
Robert Southey, From “The Cataract of Lodore”
PERSPECTIVE: David Lenson, On the Contemporary Use of Rhyme
Sound and Meaning
Gerard Manley Hopkins, God's Grandeur
Poems for Further Study
* Molly Peacock, Of Night
Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson), Jabberwocky
* Harryette Mullen, Blah-Blah
William Heyen, The Trains
John Donne, Song
Alexander Pope, From An Essay on Criticism
Haki R. Madhbuti, The B Network
* Andrew Hudgins, The Cow
Paul Humphrey, Blow
Robert Francis, The Pitcher
Helen Chasin, The Word Plum
* Richard Wakefield, The Bell Rope
* John Keats, Ode to a Nightingale 26. Patterns of Rhythm
Some Principles of Meter
Walt Whitman, From “Song of the Open Road”
William Wordsworth, My Heart Leaps Up
SUGGESTIONS FOR SCANNING A POEM
Timothy Steele, Waiting for the Storm
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Rhythm of Anticipation in Timothy Steele's “Waiting for the Storm”
William Butler Yeats, That the Night Come
Poems for Further Study
* Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Break, Break, Break
Alice Jones, The Foot
A. E. Housman, When I was one-and-twenty
Rita Dove, Fox Trot Fridays
Robert Herrick, Delight in Disorder
Ben Jonson, Still to Be Neat
* Sonia Sanchez, Summer Words of a Sistuh Addict
William Blake, The Lamb
William Blake, The Tyger
Carl Sandburg, Chicago
* Mark Doty, Tunnel Music
* Mark Turpin, Sledgehammer's Song
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Charge of the Light Brigade
Theodore Roethke, My Papa's Waltz
PERSPECTIVE: Louise Bogan, On Formal Poetry 27. Poetic Forms
Some Common Poetic Forms
A. E. Housman, Loveliest of trees, the cherry now
Robert Herrick, Upon Julia's Clothes
Sonnet
John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer
William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us
William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
William Shakespeare, My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun
Edna St. Vincent Millay, I will put Chaos into fourteen lines
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Fixed Form in Edna St. Vincent Millay's “I will put Chaos into fourteen lines”
Molly Peacock, Desire
Mark Jarman, Unholy Sonnet
* X.J. Kennedy, “The Purpose of Time is to Prevent Everything from Happening at Once”
* Jim Tilley, Boys
Villanelle
Dylan Thomas, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night
Wendy Cope, Lonely Hearts
Sestina
Algernon Charles Swinburne, Sestina
Florence Cassen Mayers, All-American Sestina
Epigram
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, What Is an Epigram?
A. R. Ammons, Coward
David McCord, Epitaph on a Waiter
Paul Lawrence Dunbar, Theology
Limerick
Anonymous, There was a young lady named Bright
Laurence Perrine, The limerick's never averse
Haiku
Matsuo Bash_, Under cherry trees
Carolyn Kizer, After Bash_
Sonia Sanchez, c'mon man hold me
Elegy
Theodore Roethke, Elegy for Jane
* Brendan Galvin, An Evel Knievel Elegy
Ode
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ode to the West Wind
* Baron Wormser, Labor
Picture Poem
Michael McFee, In Medias Res
Parody
Blanche Farley, The Lover Not Taken
PERSPECTIVE: Elaine Mitchell, Form 28. Open Form
E. E. Cummings, in Just-
Walt Whitman, From “I Sing the Body Electric”
PERSPECTIVE: Walt Whitman, On Rhyme and Meter
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Power of Walt Whitman's Open Form Poem “I Sing the Body Electric”
Louis Jenkins, The Prose Poem
Richard Hague, Directions for Resisting the SAT
Galway Kinnell, After Making Love We Hear Footsteps
Kelly Cherry, Alzheimer's
William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow
Marilyn Nelson Waniek, Emily Dickinson's Defunct
* Jeffrey Harrison, The Names of Things
Julio Marzán, The Translator at the Reception for Latin American Writers
* Todd Boss, Advance
Anonymous, The Frog
Tato Laviera, AmeRícan
Peter Meinke, The ABC of Aerobics
* Sandra M. Gilbert, Chairlift
Found Poem
Donald Justice, Order in the Streets 29. Combining the Elements of Poetry: A Writing Process
The Elements Together
Mapping the Poem
John Donne, Death Be Not Proud
Asking Questions about the Elements
A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Version of John Donne's “Death Be Not Proud”
A SAMPLE FIRST RESPONSE
Organizing Your Thoughts
A SAMPLE INFORMAL OUTLINE
The Elements and Theme
A SAMPLE EXPLICATION: The Use of Conventional Metaphors for Death in John Donne's “Death Be Not Proud”Approaches to Poetry
30. A Study of Emily Dickinson
A Brief Biography
An Introduction to Her Work
Emily Dickinson
If I can stop one Heart from breaking
If I shouldn't be alive
The Thought beneath so slight a film-
To make a prairie it takes a clover and one bee
Success is counted sweetest
* Some things that fly there be
Water, is taught by thirst
Safe in their Alabaster Chambers-(1859 version)
Safe in their Alabaster Chambers-(1861 version)
Portraits are to daily faces
* My Life had stood-a Loaded Gun
Some keep the Sabbath going to Church-
“Heaven”-is what I cannot reach!
“Hope” is the thing with feathers
* The Robin's my Criterion for Tune-
* I started Early-Took my Dog
I like a look of Agony
Wild Nights-Wild Nights!
What Soft-Cherubic Creatures-
The Soul selects her own Society-
Much Madness is divinest Sense-
I dwell in Possibility-
They dropped like Flakes-
After great pain, a formal feeling comes-
* Pain-has an Element of Blank-
* The Morning after Wo-
I heard a Fly buzz-when I died-
Because I could not stop for Death-
* He fumbles at your Soul
I felt a Cleaving in my Mind-
* I felt a Funeral in my Brain
A Light exists in Spring
The Bustle in a House
Tell all the Truth but tell it slant-
There is no Frigate like a Book
* Fame is the one that does not stay-
PERSPECTIVES ON EMILY DICKINSON
Emily Dickinson, A Description of Herself
Thomas Wentworth Higginson, On Meeting Dickinson for the First Time
Mabel Loomis Todd, The Character of Amherst
Richard Wilbur, On Dickinson's Sense of Privation
Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, On Dickinson's White Dress
Cynthia Griffin Wolff, On the Many Voices in Dickinson's Poetry
Paula Bennett, On “I heard a Fly buzz-when I died-”
Martha Nell Smith, On “Because I could not stop for Death-”
QUESTIONS FOR WRITING ABOUT AN AUTHOR IN DEPTH
A Sample In-Depth Study: Four Poems by Emily Dickinson
Emily Dickinson
“Faith” is a fine invention
I know that He exists
I never saw a Moor-
Apparently with no surprise
A SAMPLE STUDENT PAPER: Religious Faith in Four Poems by Emily Dickinson 31. A Study of Robert Frost
A Brief Biography
An Introduction to His Work
Robert Frost
The Road Not Taken
The Pasture
Mowing
My November Guest
Storm Fear
Mending Wall
Home Burial
* The Wood-pile
After Apple-Picking
Birches
* An Old Man's Winter Night
“Out, Out-”
* The Oven Bird
Fire and Ice
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
Nothing Gold Can Stay
Unharvested
Neither Out Far nor In Deep
Design
PERSPECTIVES ON ROBERT FROST
Robert Frost, “In White,” An Early Version of “Design”
Robert Frost, On the Living Part of a Poem
Amy Lowell, On Frost's Realistic Technique
Robert Frost, On the Figure a Poem Makes
Robert Frost, On the Way to Read a Poem
Herbert R. Coursen Jr., A Parodic Interpretation of “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” 32. A Study of Langston Hughes
A Brief Biography
Langston Hughes
The Negro Speaks of Rivers
An Introduction to His Work
I, Too
Negro
Danse Africaine
Dream Variations
Formula
Esthete in Harlem
Lenox Avenue: Midnight
Song for a Dark Girl
Red Silk Stockings
Rent-Party Shout: For a Lady Dancer
* 50-50
125th Street
dream Boogie
Harlem
* Motto
Old Walt * High to Low
PERSPECTIVES ON LANGSTON HUGHES
Langston Hughes, On Harlem Rent Parties
James E. Emanuel, Hughes's Attitudes toward Religion
David Chinitz, The Romanticization of Africa in the 1920s
* 33. A Study of Billy Collins: The Author Reflects on Five Poems
* A Brief Biography and an Introduction to His Work
* introduction: Billy Collins, “How Do Poems Travel?”
* poem: Billy Collins, Osso Buco
* essay: Billy Collins, On Writing “Osso Buco”
* poem: Billy Collins, Nostalgia
* essay: Billy Collins, On Writing “Nostalgia”
* poem: Billy Collins, Questions About Angels
* essay: Billy Collins, On Writing “Questions About Angels”
* poem: Billy Collins, Litany
* essay: Billy Collins, On Writing “Litany”
* poem: Billy Collins, Building with Its Face Blown Off
* PERSPECTIVE (INTERVIEW): On “Building with Its Face Blown Off”: Michael Meyer Interviews Billy Collins
* manuscript: Billy Collins, Draft Manuscript Page of “Busy Day” 34. A Study of Julia Alvarez: Five Poems
A Brief Biography
An Introduction to Her Work
essay: Julia Alvarez, A Note to Students On Writing “Queens, 1963”
poem: Julia Alvarez, Queens, 1963
PERSPECTIVE (INTERVIEW): Marny Requa, From an Interview with Julia Alvarez
essay: Julia Alvarez, On Writing “Housekeeping Cages” and Her Housekeeping Poems
poem: Julia Alvarez, Housekeeping Cages
essay: Julia Alvarez, A Note to Students On Writing “Dusting”
poem: Julia Alvarez, Dusting
essay: Julia Alvarez, A Note to Students On Writing “Ironing Their Clothes”
poem: Julia Alvarez, Ironing Their Clothes
essay: Julia Alvarez, A Note to Students On Writing “Sometimes the Words Are So Close”
poem: Julia Alvarez, Sometimes the Words Are So Close
manuscript: Four Drafts of “Sometimes the Words Are So Close”: A Poet's Writing Process
essay: Julia Alvarez, A Note to Students On Writing “First Muse”
poem: Julia Alvarez, First Muse
PERSPECTIVE: Kelli Lyon Johnson, Mapping an Identity 35. A Thematic Case Study: Love and Longing
A Brief Introduction
Christopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love
William Shakespeare, Not marble, nor the gilded monuments
Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband
Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count The Ways
* Edna St. Vincent Millay, Recuerdo
E. E. Cummings, since feeling is first
Mark Doty, The Embrace
* Joan Murray, Play by Play
Billie Bolton, Memorandum
* Michael Ryan, Bunny 36. A Thematic Case Study: Humor and Satire
A Brief Introduction
Fleur Adcock, The Video
John Ciardi, Suburban
Ronald Wallace, In a Rut
Howard Nemerov, Walking the Dog
* Linda Pastan, Jump Cabling
Peter Schmitt, Friends with Numbers
Martín Espada, The Community College Revises its Curriculum in Response to Changing Demographics
M. Carl Holman, Mr. Z
Gary Soto, Mexicans Begin Jogging
Thomas Lux, Commercial Leech Farming Today
* Lee Upton, Dyserotica
* X.J. Kennedy, On a Young Man's Remaining an Undergraduate for Twelve Years
37. A Thematic Case Study: Milestones
* Allen Braden, Sweethearts
* Baron Wormser, Shoplifting
* Marilyn Nelson, How I Discovered Poetry
* Charles Simic, In the Library
* Trevor West Knapp, Touch
* Sandra M. Gilbert, How We Didn't Tell Her
* Anne Carson, Father's Old Blue Cardigan
* Barbara Crooker, On the Edge of Adolescence, My Middle Daughter Learns to Play the Saxophone
Luisa Lopez, Junior Year Abroad
Yusef Komunyakaa, Slam, Dunk, & Hook 38. A Thematic Case Study: The Natural World
* Tom Disch, Birdsong Interpreted
* Jane Hirschfield, Happiness
* Leslie Marmon Silko, Love Poem
* Margaret Atwood, A Holiday
* Maxine Kumin, Though He Tarry
* Gail White, Dead Armadillos
* Dave Lucas, November
* Walt McDonald, Coming Across It
Alden Nowlan, The Bull Moose
* Robert B. Shaw, Wild Turkeys
* Paul Zimmer, What I Know about Owls An Anthology of Poems 39. An Album of Contemporary Poems
Michelle Boisseau, Self-Pity's Closet
* Eamon Grennan, Herringbone
* Mary Stewart Hammond, High Ground
Tony Hoagland, America
Rachel Loden, Locked Ward: Newtown, Connecticut
Susan Minot, My Husband's Back
Alberto Ríos, The Gathering Evening
* C.K. Williams, The United States 40. A Collection of Poems
Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan
William Blake, Infant Sorrow
Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose
George Gordon, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty
Lucille Clifton, this morning (for the girls of eastern high school)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan: or, a Vision in a Dream
John Donne, The Apparition
John Donne, The Flea
* George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans), In a London Drawingroom
T.S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
Thomas Hardy, Hap
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty
Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover
* A. E. Housman, Is my team ploughing
A. E. Housman, To an Athlete Dying Young
Julia Ward Howe, Battle-Hymn of the Republic
Ben Jonson, To Celia
John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci
* John Keats, Written in Disgust of Vulgar Superstition
Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus
* Phillis Levin, May Day
* Edna St. Vincent Millay, First Fig
John Milton, When I consider how my light is spent
Christina Georgina Rossetti, Some Ladies Dress in Muslin Full and White
* Sigfried Sassoon, “They”
William Shakespeare, That time of year thou mayst in me behold
William Shakespeare, When forty winters shall besiege thy brow
* William Shakespeare, When, in disgrace with Fortune and men's eyes
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias
Lydia Huntley Sigourney, Indian Names
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses
* Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Tears, Idle Tears
Walt Whitman, One's-Self I Sing
Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer
William Carlos Williams, This Is Just to Say
William Wordsworth, A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal
William Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper
William Wordsworth, Mutability
William Butler Yeats, Leda and the SwanA Thematic Case Study: Crossing Boundaries
Transcendence and Borders
diagram: An 18th Century Slave Ship
poem: Phillis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America
poster: A 1784 Slave Auction Advertisement
Identity and Borders
poem: Pat Mora, Legal Alien
collage: Jacalyn López Garcia, I Just Wanted to be Me
Immigration and Borders
poem: Sandra M. Gilbert, Mafioso
photo: “Baggage Examined Here,” Ellis Island
Expectations and Borders
poem: Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, Indian Movie, New Jersey
album cover: Rawal Films, Ladki Pasano Hai (I Like this Girl)
Beauty and Borders
poem: Janice Mirikitani, Recipe
photo: Chiaki Tsukumo, “Girl with Licca Doll”
Freedom and Borders
poem: Thomas Lynch, Liberty
photo: Alex MacLean, “Somerville, Massachusetts” DRAMA THE STUDY OF DRAMA 41. Reading Drama
Reading Drama Responsively
Susan Glaspell, Trifles
A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of Susan Glaspell's Tri?es
* PERSPECTIVE: Susan Glaspell, From the Short Story Version of Tri?es
Elements of Drama
Michael Hollinger, Naked Lunch
* Joan Ackermann, Quiet, Torrential Sound
Drama in Popular Forms
Larry David, “The Pitch,” a Seinfeld Episode
PERSPECTIVE: Geoffrey O'Brien, On Seinfeld as Sitcom Moneymaker 42. Writing about Drama
From Reading to Writing
Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing
A SAMPLE STUDENT PAPER: The Feminist Evidence in Tri?es 43. A Study of Sophocles
Theatrical Conventions of Greek Drama
Tragedy
Sophocles, Oedipus the King (Translated by Robert Fagles)
PERSPECTIVES ON SOPHOCLES
Aristotle, On Tragic Character
Sigmund Freud, On the Oedipus Complex
Sophocles, Another Translation of a Scene from Oedipus the King
Muriel Rukeyser, On Oedipus the King
David Wiles, On Oedipus the King as a Political Play Plays in Performance
Photos of scenes from:
Sophocles, Oedipus the King
William Shakespeare, Othello
Henrik Ibsen, A Doll House
* John Patrick Shanley, Doubt
Jane Martin, Rodeo
* August Wilson, Fences
* David Henry Hwang, Trying to Find Chinatown
* Nilaja Sun, No Child…
Rich Orloff, Playwriting 101
* Christopher Durang, Wanda's Visit 44. A Study of William Shakespeare
Shakespeare's Theater
The Range of Shakespeare's Drama: History, Comedy, and Tragedy
A Note on Reading Shakespeare
William Shakespeare, Othello The Moor of Venice
PERSPECTIVES ON SHAKESPEARE
The Mayor of London (1597), Objections to the Elizabethan Theater
Lisa Jardine, On Boy Actors in Female Roles
Samuel Johnson, On Shakespeare's Characters
Jane Adamson, On Desdemona's Role in Othello
David Bevington, On Othello's Heroic Struggle
James Kincaid, On the Value of Comedy in the Face of Tragedy 45. Modern Drama
Realism
Naturalism
Theatrical Conventions of Modern Drama
Henrik Ibsen, A Doll House (Translated by Rolf Fjelde)
PERSPECTIVE: Henrik Ibsen, Notes for A Doll House
Beyond Realism 46. A Critical Case Study: Henrik Ibsen's A Doll House
PERSPECTIVES
A Nineteenth-Century Husband's Letter to His Wife
Barry Witham and John Lutterbie, A Marxist Approach to A Doll House
Carol Strongin Tufts, A Psychoanalytic Reading of Nora
Joan Templeton, Is A Doll House a Feminist Text?
QUESTIONS FOR WRITING
Applying a Critical Strategy
SAMPLE STUDENT PAPER: On the Other Side of the Slammed Door in Henrik Ibsen's A Doll House 47. A Thematic Case Study: An Album of Contemporary Humor and Satire
Jane Anderson, The Reprimand
* Sharon E. Cooper, Mistaken Identity
* Christopher Durang, Wanda's Visit
David Ives, Moby-Dude, Or: The Three-Minute Whale
Jane Martin, Rodeo
Rich Orloff, Playwriting 101: The Rooftop Lesson A Collection of Plays 48. Plays for Further Reading
David Henry Hwang, Trying to Find Chinatown
* Samuel Beckett, Krapp's Last Tape
* John Patrick Shanley, Doubt
* Nilaja Sun, No Child…
August Wilson, Fences
PERSPECTIVE: David Savran, An Interview with August Wilson CRITICAL THINKING AND WRITING 49. Critical Strategies for Reading
Critical Thinking
The Literary Canon: Diversity and Controversy
Formalist Strategies
Biographical Strategies
Psychological Strategies
Historical Strategies
Gender Strategies
Mythological Strategies
Reader-Response Strategies
Deconstructionist Strategies 50. Reading and Writing
The Purpose and Value of Writing about Literature
Reading the Work Closely
Annotating the Text and Journal Note Taking
Choosing a Topic
Developing a Thesis
Arguing about Literature
QUESTIONS FOR ARGUING ABOUT LITERATURE
Organizing a Paper
Writing a Draft
Revising and Editing
QUESTIONS FOR WRITING: A REVISION CHECKLIST
Manuscript Form
Types of Writing Assignments
Emily Dickinson, There's a certain Slant of light
A SAMPLE STUDENT EXPLICATION: A Reading of Emily Dickinson's “There's a certain Slant of light”
A SAMPLE STUDENT ANALYSIS: John Updike's “A & P” as a State of Mind
A SAMPLE STUDENT COMPARISON: The Struggle for Women's Self-De?nition in Henrik Ibsen's A Doll House and Colette's “The Hand”
51. The Literary Research Paper
Choosing a Topic
Finding Sources
Electronic Sources
Evaluating Sources and Taking Notes
Developing a Thesis and Organizing the Paper
Revising
Documenting Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism
The List of Works Cited
Parenthetical References
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESEARCH PAPER: How William Faulkner's Narrator Cultivates a Rose for Emily 52. Taking Essay Examinations
Preparing for an Essay Exam
Types of Exams
Strategies for Writing Essay Exams
QUESTIONS FOR WRITING: A CHECKLIST FOR ESSAY EXAMS Glossary of Literary Terms
Index of First Lines
Index of Authors and Titles
Index of Terms
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