A Companion to the American Revolution

Impressive in its broad scope and cutting-edge scholarship, A Companion to the American Revolution is an indispensable reference for anyone interested in American political, social, and cultural history. Ninety articles by key historians cover all aspects of the Revolution, providing a detailed chronology of events and analyzing the internal character and consequences of the Revolution both in detail and in depth. Tracing the war's far-reaching repercussions from the Caribbean to Russia, the editors view it as a major event in world history and provide an international perspective on the periods before, during, and after the conflict. Moreover, the Companion provides a unique, cross-cultural picture of revolutionary America, with essays covering the arts, literature, music, religion, and language; contributors also discuss the status and experience of women and African American and Amerindian peoples of the period.

Jack P. Greene is Andrew W. Mellon Professor in the Humanities at Johns Hopkins University and the author and editor of many books and articles on early modern colonial British America and the American Revolution. Among his recent books are Imperatives, Behaviors, and Identities: Essays in Early American Cultural History (1992), Negotiated Authorities: Essays in Colonial Political and Constitutional History (1994), Understanding the American Revolution: Issues and Actors (1995), and Interpreting Early America: Historiographical Essays (1996).

J. R. Pole is Rhodes Professor Emeritus of American History and Institutions, St. Catherine’s College, Oxford, and a Fellow of the British Academy. His books include Political Representation in England and the Origins of the American Republic (1966), The Pursuit of Equality in American History (1978, second edition 1993), Paths to the American Past (1979), The Gift of Government: Political Responsibility from the English Restoration to American Independence (1983), and The American Constitution: For and Against (ed., 1987).

List of maps and map acknowledgements

x

List of contributors

xi

Introduction

xiii

Part I: Context

1

(98)

The structure of British politics in the mid-eighteenth century

3

(5)

W.A. Speck

Metropolitan administration of the colonies, 1696--1775

8

(6)

Ian K. Steele

Intra-imperial communications, 1689--1775

14

(5)

Richard R. Johnson

The changing socio-economic and strategic importance of the colonies to the empire

19

(10)

Alison G. Olson

The political development of the colonies after the Glorious Revolution

29

(10)

Alan Tully

Population and family in early America

39

(12)

Robert V. Wells

Socio-economic development of the colonies

51

(9)

Edwin J. Perkins

Religion before the Revolution

60

(5)

Edwin S. Gaustad

The cultural development of the colonies

65

(17)

Michal J. Rozbicki

The emergence of civic culture in the colonies to about 1770

82

(6)

David Shields

Ideological background

88

(6)

Isaac Kramnick

The Amerindian population in 1763

94

(5)

Eric Hinderaker

Part II: Themes and Events, to 1776

99

(164)

The origins of the new colonial policy, 1748--1763

101

(11)

Jack P. Greene

The Seven Years' War and its political legacy

112

(6)

Thomas L. Purvis

The Grenville program, 1763--1765

118

(5)

Peter D. G. Thomas

The Stamp Act crisis and its repercussions, including the Quartering Act controversy

123

(11)

Peter D. G. Thomas

The Townshend Acts crisis, 1767--1770

134

(17)

Robert J. Chaffin

The British Army in America, before 1775

151

(6)

Douglas Edward Leach

The West and the Amerindians, 1756--1776

157

(8)

Peter Marshall

Trade legislation and its enforcement, 1748--1776

165

(8)

R. C. Simmons

Ongoing disputes over the prerogative, 1763--1776

173

(6)

Jack P. Greene

Bishops and other ecclesiastical issues, to 1776

179

(5)

Frederick V. Mills, Sr.

Social protest and the revolutionary movement, 1765--1776

184

(11)

Edward Countryman

The tea crisis and its consequences, through 1775

195

(11)

David L. Ammerman

The crisis of Independence

206

(10)

David L. Ammerman

Development of a revolutionary organization, 1765--1775

216

(6)

David W. Conroy

Political mobilization, 1765--1776

222

(8)

Rebecca Starr

Identity and Independence

230

(5)

Jack P. Greene

Loyalism and neutrality

235

(13)

Robert M. Calhoon

Opposition in Britain

248

(6)

Colin Bonwick

Common Sense

254

(4)

Jack Frunchtman, Jr.

The Declaration of Independence

258

(5)

Ronald Hamowy

Part III: Themes and Events, from 1776

263

(232)

Bills of rights and the first ten amendments to the Constitution

265

(4)

Robert A. Rutland

State constitution-making, through 1781

269

(12)

Donald S. Lutz

The Articles of Confederation, 1775--1783

281

(6)

Jack N. Rakove

The War for Independence, to Saratoga

287

(11)

Don Higginbotham

The War for Independence, after Saratoga

298

(10)

Don Higginbotham

The Continental Army

308

(6)

Holly A. Mayer

Militia, guerrilla warfare, tactics, and weaponry

314

(6)

Mark V. Kwasny

Naval operations during the War for Independence

320

(6)

Clark G. Reynolds

The First United States Navy

326

(6)

James C. Bradford

The home front during the War for Independence: the effect of labor shortages on commercial production in the Mid-Atlantic

332

(10)

Michael V. Kennedy

Resistance to the American Revolution

342

(10)

Michael A. McDonnell

Diplomacy of the Revolution, to 1783

352

(10)

Jonathan R. Dull

Confederation: state governments and their problems

362

(12)

Edward Countryman

The West: territory, states, and confederation

374

(9)

Peter S. Onuf

Demobilization and national defense

383

(5)

E. Wayne Carp

Currency, taxation, and finance, 1775--1787

388

(10)

Robert A. Becker

Foreign relations, after 1783

398

(4)

Jonathan R. Dull

Slavery and anti-slavery

402

(11)

Sylvia R. Frey

Amerindians and the new republic

413

(6)

James H. Merrell

The impact of the Revolution on the role, status, and experience of women

419

(8)

Betty Wood

The impact of the Revolution on education

427

(8)

Melvin Yazawa

The impact of the Revolution on social problems: poverty, insanity, and crime

435

(9)

Melvin Yazawa

The impact of the Revolution on church and state

444

(8)

Robert M. Calhoon

Law: continuity and reform

452

(6)

J. R. Pole

Confederation: movement for a stronger union

458

(12)

Mark D. Kaplanoff

The Federal Convention and the Constitution

470

(12)

Mark D. Kaplanoff

The debate over ratification of the Constitution

482

(13)

Murray Dry

Part IV: External Effects of the Revolution

495

(62)

Great Britain in the aftermath of the American Revolution

497

(6)

Ian R. Christie

The American Revolution in Canada

503

(8)

Elizabeth Mancke

The American Revolution and Ireland

511

(4)

Maurice J. Bric

The American Revolution and the sugar colonies, 1775--1783

515

(8)

Selwyn H. H. Carrington

The effects of the American Revolution on France and its empire

523

(8)

David P. Geggus

The impact of the American Revolution on Spain and Portugal and their empires

531

(14)

Kenneth Maxwell

The influence of the American Revolution in the Netherlands

545

(5)

Jan Willem Schulte Nordholt

Wim Klooster

The influence of the American Revolution in Germany

550

(4)

Horst Dippel

The influence of the American Revolution in Russia

554

(3)

Hans Rogger

Part V: Internal Developments After the Revolution

557

(68)

The economic and demographic consequences of the American Revolution

559

(20)

Mary M. Schweitzer

The religious consequences of the Revolution

579

(7)

Robert M. Calhoon

The cultural effects of the Revolution

586

(9)

Norman S. Grabo

The effects of the Revolution on language

595

(5)

John Algeo

Medicine before and after the Revolution

600

(5)

Mary E. Fissell

The construction of gender in a republican world

605

(5)

Ruth H. Bloch

The construction of race in republican America

610

(7)

James Sidbury

The construction of social status in revolutionary America

617

(8)

Christine Daniels

Part VI: Concepts

625

(82)

Liberty

627

(6)

Elise Marienstras

Equality

633

(5)

J. R. Pole

Property

638

(7)

Alan Freeman

Elizabeth Mensch

The rule of law

645

(5)

John P. Reid

Consent

650

(5)

Donald S. Lutz

Happiness

655

(6)

Jan Lewis

Suffrage and representation

661

(7)

Rosemarie Zagarri

Republicanism

668

(6)

Robert E. Shalhope

Sovereignty

674

(6)

Peter S. Onuf

Nationality and citizenship

680

(6)

Elise Marienstras

The separation of powers

686

(5)

Maurice J. C. Vile

Rights

691

(5)

Michael Zuckert

Virtue

696

(5)

James T. Kloppenberg

Interests

701

(6)

Cathy Matson

Chronology

707

(38)

Steven J. Sarson

Index

745

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A Companion to the American Revolution

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials