Compliant Mechanisms

, by Howell, Larry L.

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ISBN: 9780471384786 | 047138478X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/3/2001

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Summary

Author Biography

Supplemental Materials

Compliant Mechanisms serves as both an introductory text for students and an up-to-date resource for practitioners and researchers. It provides comprehensive, expert coverage of this growing field.

Preface

Introduction

(20)

Advantages of Compliant Mechanisms

(4)

Challenges of Compliant Mechanisms

(2)

Historical Background

(2)

Compliant Mechanisms and Nature

(1)

Nomenclature and Diagrams

(4)

Compliant Mechanisms versus Compliant Structures

(1)

Nomenclature

(3)

Diagrams

(1)

Compliant MEMS

(6)

Problems

(3)

Flexibility and Deflection

(40)

Linear versus Nonlinear Deflections

(1)

Stiffness and Strength

(1)

Flexibility

(3)

Displacement versus Force Loads

(2)

Material Considerations

(6)

Maximum Deflection for a Flexible Beam

(1)

Ratio of Strength to Young's Modulus

(1)

Other Material Selection Criteria

(2)

Creep and Stress Relaxation

(2)

Linear Elastic Deflections

(4)

Energy Storage

(3)

Stress Stiffening

(1)

Large-Deflection Analysis

(19)

Beam with Moment End Load

(2)

Elliptic-Integral Solutions

(10)

Numerical Methods

(1)

Problems

(6)

Failure Prevention

(50)

Stress

(6)

Principal Stresses

(5)

Stress Concentrations

(1)

Static Failure

(10)

Ductile Materials

(5)

Brittle Materials

(4)

Fatigue Failure

(34)

Fatigue Basics

(1)

Fatigue Failure Prediction

(3)

Estimating Endurance Limit and Fatigue Strength

(1)

Endurance Limit and Fatigue Strength Modification Factors

(1)

Surface Factor

(1)

Size Factor

(1)

Load Factor

(1)

Reliability

(1)

Miscellaneous Effects

(2)

Completely Reversed Loading

(5)

Fluctuating Stresses

(5)

Fatigue of Polymers

(4)

Testing

102

(2)

Problems

104

(7)

Rigid-Link Mechanisms

111

(24)

Introduction

111

(4)

Mobility

111

(1)

Kinematic Chains and Inversions

112

(1)

Classification of Four-Bar Mechanisms

113

(1)

Mechanical Advantage

113

(2)

Position Analysis

115

(8)

Four-Bar Mechanisms: Closed-Form Equations

116

(1)

Slider-Crank Mechanisms: Closed-Form Equations

117

(1)

Complex Number Method

118

(5)

Velocity and Acceleration

123

(2)

Kinematic Coefficients

125

(1)

Four-Bar Kinematic Coefficients

125

(1)

Slider-Crank Kinematic Coefficients

126

(1)

Mechanism Synthesis

126

(9)

Function Generation

127

(2)

Path Generation

129

(1)

Motion Generation

130

(1)

Problems

131

(4)

Pseudo-Rigid-Body Model

135

(84)

Small-Length Flexural Pivots

136

(9)

Active and Passive Forces

140

(1)

Stress

141

(3)

Living Hinges

144

(1)

Cantilever Beam with a Force at the Free End (Fixed-Pinned)

145

(17)

Parametric Approximation of the Beam's Deflection Path

147

(1)

Characteristic Radius Factor

148

(2)

Coordinates of Beam End

150

(1)

Rule of Thumb for Characteristic Radius Factor

151

(1)

Angular Deflection Approximation

152

(1)

Stiffness Coefficient

152

(4)

Torsional Spring Constant

156

(1)

Stress

157

(3)

Practical Implementation of Fixed-Pinned Segments

160

(2)

Fixed-Guided Flexible Segment

162

(3)

End-Moment Loading

165

(1)

Initially Curved Cantilever Beam

166

(4)

Stiffness Coefficient for Initially Curved Beams

169

(1)

Stress for Initially Curved Beams

170

(1)

Pinned-Pinned Segment

170

(5)

Initially Curved Pinned-Pinned Segments

172

(3)

Segment with Force and Moment (Fixed-Fixed)

175

(5)

Loading Cases

175

(5)

Other Methods of Pin Joint Simulation

180

(14)

Living Hinges

181

(2)

Passive Joints

183

(2)

Q-Joints

185

(4)

Cross-Axis Flexural Pivots

189

(1)

Torsional Hinges

190

(3)

Split-Tube Flexures

193

(1)

Modelling of Mechanisms

194

(11)

Examples

195

(10)

Use of Commercial Mechanism Analysis Software

205

(14)

Problems

209

(10)

Force-Deflection Relationships

219

(40)

Free-Body Diagram Approach

220

(5)

Generalized Coordinates

225

(1)

Work and Energy

226

(2)

Virtual Displacements and Virtual Work

228

(2)

Principle of Virtual Work

230

(1)

Application of the Principle of Virtual Work

231

(6)

Spring Function for Fixed-Pinned Members

237

(2)

Pseudo-Rigid-Body Four-Bar Mechanism

239

(9)

Pseudo-Rigid-Body Slider Mechanism

248

(6)

Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Mechanisms

254

(2)

Conclusions

256

(3)

Problems

256

(3)

Numerical Methods

259

(16)

Finite Elements Analysis

260

(1)

Chain Algorithm

261

(14)

Shooting Method

268

(7)

Compliant Mechanism Synthesis

275

(26)

Rigid-Body Replacement (Kinematic) Synthesis

275

(11)

Loop Closure Equations

280

(6)

Synthesis with Compliance: Kinetostatic Synthesis

286

(11)

Additional Equations and Unknowns

287

(1)

Coupling of Equations

288

(2)

Design Constraints

290

(2)

Special Case of &thetas;o = &thetas;j

292

(5)

Other Synthesis Methods

297

(2)

Burmester Theory for Finite Displacements

297

(1)

Infinitesimal Displacement

298

(1)

Optimization of Pseudo-Rigid-Body Model

298

(1)

Optimization

299

(1)

Problems

299

(2)

Optimal Synthesis With Continuum Models

301

(36)

Ananthasuresh, G.K.

Frecker, M.I.

Introduction

301

(5)

Distributed Compliance

303

(1)

Continuum Models

303

(1)

Elastostatic Analysis Using the Finite Element Method

304

(1)

Structural Optimization

305

(1)

Formulation of the Optimization Problem

306

(6)

Objective Function, Constraints, and Design Variables

306

(2)

Measures of Stiffness and Flexibility

308

(2)

Multicriteria Formulations

310

(2)

Size, Shape, and Topology Optimization

312

(11)

Size Optimization

312

(7)

Shape Optimization

319

(1)

Topology Optimization

319

(4)

Computational Aspects

323

(4)

Optimization Algorithms

324

(1)

Sensitivity Analysis

325

(2)

Optimality Criteria Methods

327

(5)

Derivation of the Optimality Criterion

327

(2)

Solution Procedure

329

(1)

Examples

329

(3)

Conclusions

332

(1)

Acknowledgments

332

(5)

Problems

332

(5)

Special-Purpose Mechanisms

337

(18)

Compliant Constant-Force Mechanisms

337

(9)

Pseudo-Rigid-Body Model of Compliant Slider Mechanisms

338

(1)

Dimensional Synthesis

339

(3)

Determination of Force Magnitude

342

(1)

Examples

343

(1)

Estimation of Flexural Pivot Stress

344

(1)

Examples

345

(1)

Parallel Mechanisms

346

(9)

Compliant Parallel-Guiding Mechanisms

347

(1)

Applications

347

(3)

Pseudo-Rigid-Body Model

350

(2)

Additional Design Considerations

352

(1)

Problems

353

(2)

Bistable Mechanisms

355

(30)

Stability

355

(2)

Compliant Bistable Mechanisms

357

(2)

Four-Link Mechanisms

359

(13)

Energy Equations

360

(2)

Requirements for Bistable Behavior

362

(5)

Young Bistable Mechanisms

367

(5)

Slider-Crank or Slider-Rocker Mechanisms

372

(5)

Energy Equations

373

(1)

Requirements for Bistable Behavior

374

(1)

Examples for Various Spring Positions

374

(3)

Double-Slider Mechanisms

377

(5)

Double-Slider Mechanisms with a Pin Joining the Sliders

377

(2)

Double-Slider Mechanisms with a Link Joining the Sliders

379

(2)

Requirements for Bistable Behavior

381

(1)

Snap-Through Buckled Beams

382

(1)

Bistable Cam Mechanisms

382

(3)

Problems

383

(2)

A REFERENCES

385

(14)

B PROPERTIES OF SECTIONS

399

(2)

B.1 Rectangle

399

(1)

B.2 Circle

399

(1)

B.3 Hollow Circle

400

(1)

B.4 Solid Semicircle

400

(1)

B.5 Right Triangle

400

(1)

B.6 I Beam with Equal Flanges

400

(1)

C MATERIAL PROPERTIES

401

(6)

D LINEAR ELASTIC BEAM DEFLECTIONS

407

(4)

D.1 Cantilever Beam with a Force at the Free End

407

(1)

D.2 Cantilever Beam with a Force Along the Length

407

(1)

D.3 Cantilever Beam with a Uniformly Distributed Load

408

(1)

D.4 Cantilever Beam with a Moment at the Free End

408

(1)

D.5 Simply Supported Beam with a Force at the Center

408

(1)

D.6 Simply Supported Beam with a Force Along the Length

409

(1)

D.7 Simply Supported Beam with a Uniformly Distributed Load

409

(1)

D.8 Beam with One End Fixed and the Other End Simply Supported

409

(1)

D.9 Beam with Fixed Ends and a Center Load

410

(1)

D.10 Beam with Fixed Ends and a Uniformly Distributed Load

410

(1)

D.11 Beam with One End Fixed and the Other End Guided

410

(1)

E PSEUDO-RIGID-BODY MODELS

411

(10)

E.1 Small-Length Flexural Pivot

411

(1)

E.2 Vertical Force at the Free End of a Cantilever Beam

412

(1)

E.3 Cantilever Beam with a Force at the Free End

413

(2)

E.4 Fixed-Guided Beam

415

(1)

E.5 Cantilever Beam with an Applied Moment at the Free End

416

(1)

E.6 Initially Curved Cantilever Beam

417

(1)

E.7 Pinned-Pinned Segments

418

(2)

E.7.1 Initially Curved Pinned-Pinned Segments

418

(2)

E.8 Combined Force-Moment End Loading

420

(1)

F EVALUATION OF ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

421

(4)

G TYPE SYNTHESIS OF COMPLIANT MECHANISMS

425

(26)

Murphy, M.D.

G.1 Matrix Representation for Rigid-Link Mechanisms

425

(1)

G.2 Compliant Mechanisms Matrices

426

(3)

G.2.1 Segment-Type Designation

428

(1)

G.2.2 Connection-Type Designation

428

(1)

G.2.3 Examples

429

(1)

G.3 Determination of Isomorphic Mechanisms

429

(4)

G.3.1 Rigid-Body Isomorphic Detection Techniques

431

(1)

G.3.2 Isomorphism Detection for Compliant Mechanisms

431

(2)

G.4 Type Synthesis

433

(1)

G.5 Determination of Design Requirements

434

(1)

G.6 Topological Synthesis of Compliant Mechanisms

435

(7)

G.6.1 Segment-Type Enumeration

436

(1)

G.6.2 Connection-Type Enumeration

437

(1)

G.6.3 Combined Segment and Connection-Type Results

438

(3)

G.6.4 Formation of Compliant Mechanisms

441

(1)

G.7 Examples

442

(9)

G.7.1 Discussions

449

(2)

Index

451

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Compliant Mechanisms

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials