Computer Modelling of Electrical Power Systems

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ISBN: 9780471872498 | 0471872490
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/30/2001

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Computer models can be used to simulate the changing states of electrical power systems. Such simulations enable the power engineer to study performance and predict disturbances. Focusing on the performance of the power system boosted by the FACTS. (Flexible Alternate Current Transmission Systems), this timely update of a highly successful text responds to recent developments in power electronics. Comprehensive coverage includes ? The mathematical background, algorithms and the basic tools needed to study complex power systems, their interaction and likely response to different types of network pathologies or disturbances ? The latest improvements in network modelling techniques ? Power electronics equipment Written by an internationally renowned author in the field, this text is a valuable reference resource for practising engineers responsible for power supply systems as well as electrical engineering postgraduates.

Preface

Introduction

(4)

General Background

(1)

The New Computer Environment

(1)

Transmission System Developments

(1)

Theoretical Models and Computer Programs

(2)

Transmission Systems

(48)

Introduction

(1)

Linear Transformation Techniques

(2)

Basic Single-phase Modelling

(4)

Transmission lines

(1)

Transformer on nominal ratio

(1)

Off-nominal transformer tap representation

(1)

Phase-shifting representation

(1)

Three-phase System Analysis

(7)

Discussion of the frame of reference

(2)

The use of compound admittances

(4)

Rules for forming the admittance matrix of simple networks

(1)

Network subdivision

(1)

Three-phase Models of Transmission Lines

(13)

Series impedance

(2)

Shunt admittance

(2)

Equivalent π model

(2)

Mutually coupled three-phase lines

(2)

Consideration of terminal connections

(1)

Shunt elements

(1)

Series elements

(1)

Line sectionalization

(3)

Evaluation of Overhead Line Parameters

(5)

Earth impedance matrix [Ze]

(2)

Geometrical impedance matrix [Zg] and admittance matrix [Yg]

(1)

Conductor impedance matrix [Zc]

(2)

Series impedance approximation for electromagnetic transients

(1)

Underground and Submarine Cables

(3)

Three-phase Models of Transformers

(12)

Primitive admittance model of three-phase transformers

(2)

Models for common transformer connections

(5)

Three-phase transformer models with independent phase tap control

(1)

Sequence components modelling of three-phase transformers

(3)

Formation of the System Admittance Matrix

(1)

References

(2)

Facts and HVDC Transmission

(28)

Introduction

(1)

Flexible a.c. Transmission Systems

(9)

Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC)

(2)

Static on-load tap changing

(2)

Static phase shifter

(1)

Static VAR compensator

(1)

The static compensator (STATCOM)

(1)

Unified power flow controller (UPFC)

(1)

High Voltage Direct Current Transmission

(17)

The a.c.-d.c. converter

(6)

Commutation reactance

(1)

d.c. link control

(5)

Three-phase model

(5)

References

(2)

Load Flow

(48)

Introduction

(1)

Basic Nodal Method

(2)

Conditioning of Y Matrix

(1)

The Case Where One Voltage is Known

(1)

Analytical Definition of the Problem

(1)

Newton-Raphson Method of Solving Load Flows

(7)

Equations relating to power system load flow

(5)

Techniques Which Make the Newton-Raphson Method Competitive in Load Flow

(3)

Sparsity programming

(1)

Triangular factorization

(1)

Optimal ordering

(1)

Aids to convergence

(1)

Characteristics of the Newton-Raphson Load Flow

(1)

Decoupled Newton Load Flow

(2)

Fast Decoupled Load Flow

100

(4)

Convergence Criteria and Tests

104

(1)

Numerical Example

105

(1)

Load Flow for Stability Assessment

105

(5)

Post-disturbance power flows

105

(5)

Modelling techniques

110

(1)

Sensitivity analysis

110

(1)

Three-phase Load Flow

110

(17)

Notation

111

(1)

Synchronous machine modelling

111

(4)

Specified variables

115

(1)

Derivation of equations

115

(2)

Decoupled three-phase algorithm

117

(6)

Structure of the computer program

123

(4)

References

127

(2)

Load Flow under Power Electronic Control

129

(32)

Introduction

129

(1)

Incorporation of Facts Devices

129

(6)

Static tap changing

130

(1)

Phase-shifting (PS)

130

(1)

Thyristor controlled series capacitance (TCSC)

131

(1)

Unified power flow controller (UPFC)

132

(3)

Incorporation of HVDC Transmission

135

(23)

Converter model

137

(5)

Solution techniques

142

(5)

Control of converter a.c. terminal voltage

147

(2)

Extension to multiple and/or multiterminal d.c. systems

149

(2)

d.c. convergence tolerance

151

(1)

Test system and results

151

(4)

Numerical example

155

(3)

References

158

(3)

Electromagnetic Transients

161

(68)

Introduction

161

(1)

Background and Definitions

162

(1)

Numerical Intergrator Substitution

162

(4)

Resistance

163

(1)

Inductance

163

(1)

Capacitance

164

(2)

Transmission Lines and Cables

166

(13)

Bergeron line model

167

(3)

Multi-conductor transmission lines

170

(3)

Frequency-dependent model

173

(6)

Formulation and Solution of the System Nodal Equations

179

(4)

Modification for switching and varying parameters

180

(1)

Non-linear or time varying parameters

181

(2)

Use of Subsystems

183

(3)

Switching Discontinuities

186

(4)

Voltage and current chatter due to discontinuities

188

(2)

Root-matching Technique

190

(2)

Exponential form of difference equation

190

(1)

Root-matching implementation

191

(1)

Numerical illustration

191

(1)

a.c./d.c. Converters

192

(3)

Synchronous Machine Model

195

(4)

Transformer Model

199

(3)

The PSCAD/EMTDC Program

202

(17)

Structure of the program

202

(2)

PSCAD/EMTDC Version 3

204

(3)

PSCAD/EMTDC test cases

207

(12)

Real Time Digital Simulation

219

(2)

State Variable Analysis

221

(4)

State variable formulation

221

(1)

Solution procedure

222

(2)

Choice of state variables

224

(1)

References

225

(4)

System Stability

229

(68)

Introduction

229

(2)

The form of the equations

230

(1)

Frames of reference

231

(1)

Synchronous Machines-Basic Models

231

(6)

Mechanical equations

231

(1)

Electrical equations

232

(5)

Synchronous Machine Automatic Controllers

237

(6)

Automatic voltage regulators

237

(2)

Speed governors

239

(2)

Hydro and thermal turbines

241

(1)

Modelling lead-lag circuits

242

(1)

Loads

243

(2)

Low-voltage problems

244

(1)

The Transmission Network

245

(1)

Overall System Representation

245

(7)

Mesh matrix method

245

(1)

Nodal matrix method

246

(1)

Synchronous machine representation in the network

246

(3)

Load representation in the network

249

(1)

System faults and switching

249

(3)

Integration

252

(11)

Problems with the trapezoidal method

255

(1)

Programming the trapezoidal method

256

(2)

Application of the trapezoidal method

258

(5)

Structure of a Transient Stability Program

263

(5)

Overall structure

263

(1)

Structure of machine and network iterative solution

264

(4)

Advanced Component Models

268

(27)

Synchronous machine saturation

268

(11)

Detailed turbine model

279

(5)

Induction machines

284

(5)

Relays

289

(4)

Unbalanced faults

293

(2)

References

295

(2)

System Stability under Power Electronic Control

297

(48)

Introduction

297

(1)

Description of the Algorithm

298

(2)

Data flow

299

(1)

Modifications required to the component programs

300

(1)

TS/EMTDC Interface

300

(6)

Equivalent circuit components

300

(4)

Interface variables derivation

304

(2)

EMTDC to TS Data Transfer

306

(4)

Data Extraction from Distorted Waveforms

310

(3)

CFA effectiveness

313

(1)

Interface Method

313

(2)

Interface Location

315

(2)

Structure of the Hybrid Program

317

(5)

Test System and Results

322

(3)

Response of the individual programs

322

(1)

TSE hybrid response

323

(2)

Quasi Steady-state Converter Simulation

325

(14)

Rectifier loads

325

(5)

d.c. link

330

(4)

Representation of converters in the network

334

(5)

Inclusion of converters in the transient stability program

339

(1)

Static VAR Compensation Systems

339

(4)

Representation of SVS in the overall system

342

(1)

References

343

(2)

Appendix I Fault Level Derivation

345

(6)

I.1 Short Circuit Analysis

345

(6)

I.1.1 System equations

346

(2)

I.1.2 Fault calculations

348

(3)

Appendix II Numerical Integration Methods

351

(8)

II.1 Introduction

351

(1)

II.2 Properties of the Integration Methods

351

(3)

II.2.1 Accuracy

351

(1)

II.2.2 Stability

352

(1)

II.2.3 Stiffness

353

(1)

II.3 Predictor-Corrector Methods

354

(2)

II.4 Runge-Kutta Methods

356

(1)

II.5 References

357

(2)

Appendix III Test System used in the Stability Examples

359

(4)

III.1 Reference

362

(1)

Index

363

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Computer Modelling of Electrical Power Systems

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials